Utilitarianism Vs Libertarianism Utilitarianism And...

In one of the courses I am currently enrolled, â€Å"Social Justice† our class spend copious amount of days talking about Utilitarianism and Libertarianism. These are two important theory’s that have been discussed for a very long time. These are two philosophies that elaborates how the citizen pleases to live by. Utilitarianism and Libertarianism may have similar things in common but at the same time they are very distinguishable. The Utilitarianism theory tries to maximize the happiness of the community and minimize the pain over all. On the other hand, Libertarianism focus on individual rights. They strive for freedom. As many may know that Utilitarianism and Libertarianism are two well-known theories wither it have been discussed in your†¦show more content†¦Being that Utilitarianism supports a free market economy, then owners of stores or when worldwide business are able to alter the price of whatever they please. In another word, it’s just like a m onopoly to a certain extend. A monopoly is when there is no competing when it comes to markets. For example, if Apple I-phones was the only types of phone in the United Stated then the people would not have an option but to purchase that phone. This intertwines with Utilitarianism because any business can raise the prices of the items in their store. The example that Sandel used in his novel, â€Å"Stores that normally sold small household generators for $250 were now asking $2,000† (Sandel 2009). Just because there is a storm and hurricane the companies that are in charge of generators, hotels or roof repairs can charge whatever they please. The second philosophy that will be mention is, Libertarianism. This theory focuses on individual rights, common currency of value, free market and most important collective happiness. Libertarianism believe that there is no such thing as redistribution of wealth. It is not morally right to resell or taunt with incomes, land reform or ta xation. They also believe that the government knows what right for the people. In the novel Sandel mentioned, â€Å"Taxing the rich to help the poor is not morally correct, it violates their right to do what they want with the things they own† (Sandel 2009). Many rich individuals mayShow MoreRelatedIntra And Inter Generational Equity2057 Words   |  9 Pagestaste. While Parfit (1997) and Weston (2012) discusses Utilitarian vs. egalitarian concepts; Narveson (Gabor, 2013) argues that principle of maximum happiness for the greatest number of persons is at odds with any duty to increase the population, regardless of circumstances. Furthermore, there is a duty not to bring children to life if the misery of future children can be foreseen, considering that, according to utilitarianism, nothing else matters more than the amount of benefits or injuries thatRead MoreHuman Experience Reflection1445 Words   |  6 Pagessystematic ways of deciding what is just and unjust. Each of the readings helped me look at situations with different perspectives to analyze a problem that must be addressed, like poverty. From these readings, I have learned that the belief of what is right vs wrong is situational and systematic ways of justice cannot be constant across all situations. The philosophies of justice we read can each be deemed correct or incorrect dependin g on the perspective of the situation. For example, this semester weRead MorePrinciples of Microeconomics Fifth Canadian Edition20085 Words   |  81 Pagesand Applications 412 Income Inequality around the World 438 The Poverty Rate 439 Problems in Measuring Inequality 440 Economic Mobility 442 IN THE NEWS: Child Poverty 443 The Political Philosophy of Redistributing Income 444 Utilitarianism 444 Liberalism 445 Libertarianism 446 Policies to Reduce Poverty 447 Minimum-Wage Laws 448 Welfare 448 Negative Income Tax 449 In-Kind Transfers 449 Employment Insurance 450 IN THE NEWS: EI and Work Incentives Conclusion 452 Summary 453 Key Concepts 453 Questions

A Biographical Sketch of William Morris Davis

William Morris Davis is often called the Father of American Geography for his work in not only helping to establish geography as an academic discipline but also for his advancement of physical geography and the development of geomorphology. Life and Career Davis was born in Philadelphia in 1850. At the age of 19, he earned his bachelors degree from Harvard University and one year later earned his Masters degree in engineering. Davis then spent three years working at Argentinas meteorological observatory and subsequently returned to Harvard to study geology and physical geography. In 1878, Davis was appointed an instructor in physical geography at Harvard and by 1885 became a full professor. Davis continued to teach at Harvard until his retirement in 1912. Following his retirement, he occupied several visiting scholar positions at universities across the United States. Davis died in Pasadena, California in 1934. Geography William Morris Davis was very excited about the discipline of geography; he worked hard to increase its recognition. In the 1890s, Davis was an influential member of a committee that helped to establish geography standards in the public schools. Davis and the committee felt that geography needed to be treated as a general science in primary and secondary schools and these ideas were adopted. Unfortunately, after a decade of the new geography, it slipped back to being rote knowledge of place names and eventually disappeared into the bowels of social studies. Davis also helped to build geography up at the university level. In addition to training some of Americas foremost geographers of the twentieth century (such as Mark Jefferson, Isaiah Bowman, and Ellsworth Huntington), Davis helped to found the Association of American Geographers (AAG). Recognizing the need for an academic organization composed of academics trained in geography, Davis met with other geographers and formed the AAG in 1904. Davis served as the AAGs first president in 1904 and was reelected in 1905, and ultimately served a third term in 1909. Though Davis was very influential in the development of geography as a whole, he is probably best known for his work in geomorphology. Geomorphology Geomorphology is the study of the earths landforms. William Morris Davis founded this subfield of geography. Though at his time the traditional idea of the development of landforms was through the great biblical flood, Davis and others began to believe that other factors were responsible for shaping the earth. Davis developed a theory of landform creation and erosion, which he called the geographical cycle. This theory is more commonly known as the cycle of erosion, or more properly, the geomorphic cycle. His theory explained that mountains and landforms are created, mature, and then become old. He explained that the cycle begins with the uplift of mountains. Rivers and streams begin to create V-shaped valleys among the mountains (the stage called youth). During this first stage, the relief is steepest and most irregular. Over time, the streams are able to carve wider valleys (maturity) and then begin to meander, leaving only gently rolling hills (old age). Finally, all that is left is a flat, level plain at the lowest elevation possible (called the base level.) This plain was called by Davis a peneplain, which means almost a plain for a plain is actually a completely flat surface). Then, rejuvenation occurs and there is another uplift of mountains and the cycle continues. Though Davis theory is not entirely accurate, it was quite revolutionary and outstanding at its time and helped to modernize physical geography and create the field of geomorphology. The real world is not quite as orderly as Davis cycles and,  certainly, erosion occurs during the uplift process. However, Davis message was communicated quite well to other scientists through the excellent sketches and illustrations that were included in Davis publications. In all, Davis published over 500 works though he never earned his Ph.D. Davis was certainly one of the greatest academic geographers of the century. He is not only responsible for that which he accomplished during his lifetime, but also for the outstanding work done across geography by his disciples.

Tv Advertising and Consumer Buying Behavior Free Essays

string(156) " to be used by the family, family communication structure and patterns and parents perception of children’s influence in family purchase decision making\." ABSTRACT Children are important in the family, they make a family complete and they influence a number of decisions made in the family. Children have occupied a big segment in the marketplace, there are more products produced and directed at them. The importance of children in purchase decision making has grown over the years. We will write a custom essay sample on Tv Advertising and Consumer Buying Behavior or any similar topic only for you Order Now They not only make purchase decisions for personal consumption but they also influence family purchase decision-making (Kaur and Singh, 2006). However, nearly all studies are based in the western context, like US and Europe. There are few studies focused on the African context, especially in Nigeria. As a result of this, it is important to examine how they influence the decision to purchase products for family consumption. The typology of family communication patterns and social power theory will be used for this study. The study will employ qualitative research using questionnaire to elicit detailed explanation of children’s influence in family purchase decision. Children between the ages 8-13 years are the focus of this research. Key words: family decision-making, children’s role in family decision making, typology of family communication patterns, social power theory. 1. 0 INTRODUCTION Children are important in the family, they make a family complete and they influence a number of decisions made in the family. Today children are not only passive observers but they have taken a considerable place in the families and have a significant influence on parental buying decisions and they have occupied a big segment in the marketplace. Children are consumers in their own right; there are more products produced and directed at them. Because of a growing awareness of the role children play in family decision making on family purchases other than toys and cereals, as well as a realisation that the influence of children in family decision making appears to have grown significantly over the past two decades (Sellers, 1989 as cited by Ekasasi, 2005), increasing attention is being given to children and their role in family decision making (Foxman and Patriya, 1989). There is no doubt that children establish a significant marketing zone and today they have a more important place in the society than their parents ever had. They are not only consumers but have emotional involvement direct or indirect on parents buying decisions. This trend of increased influence appears to emanate from a number of factors, including the greater affluence enjoyed by many households, higher consumer socialisation of children, product type, and the increasing independence given to children due to dual income families and higher divorce rates. Several researchers have also demonstrated how children have been â€Å"socialised to act as consumers† (Kaur and Singh, 2006). Family (parents and siblings), peers, and media are main socialising agents for children wherein family type, parental style and patterns of communication play important roles. However, most of the studies are based on the western context and there are very few studies focusing on Africa, particularly Nigeria due to which this research will be undertaken. As a result of this, it is important to examine how children influence the decision to purchase products in the family in Nigeria. 1. 2 STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM Family as a consuming and decision making unit is a central phenomenon in marketing and consumer behaviour. Earlier, research had only focused on the husband and wife’s role where children’s role was ignored (Commuri and Gentry, 2000 as cited by Kaur and Singh, 2006). The importance of children in purchase decision making has grown over the years. It is seen that children not only influence family purchase decision but they also insist their parents purchase the products they desire (Kaur and Singh, 2006). Children’s influence differs depending on the product category and decision-making stage. Age and gender of the children also have a major impact on decision stage and the product category. The role that children play in family decision- making has directed the researchers to study the influence of children. Several researchers have also demonstrated how children have been â€Å"socialised to act as consumers† (Kaur and Singh, 2006). However, most of the studies are based on the western context and there are very few studies focusing on Africa, particularly Nigeria due to which this research will be undertaken. Since Nigerian society vastly differs from the west in terms of family composition, family type and structure, norms, values, and behaviour, it is important to understand children’s influence in the purchase decision making in families in the Nigerian context. The buying power of children in Nigeria will be different compared to the western countries, but still they play the key role in Nigerian families. Children influence family as well as individual purchase decisions. For this reason, detailed study will be done on children’s influence in family purchase decision in Nigeria. . 3 RESEARCH QUESTIONS 1. Does parent-child communication affect the way a child contributes in family decision making process? 2. What strategies do children use in influencing family product purchase? 3. At what decision making process stage do children have more influence in the family? 4. How do parents respond to children’s attempt to influence decisions on products for family consum ption? 5. How frequently do children attempt to influence purchasing decisions on products for family consumption? 4. OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY The primary objective of this study is to examine the roles performed by children in family purchase decisions with regard to children and family related products and to explore children’s influence in family decision making process in the Nigerian context. However, the specific objectives are: to understand the family communication structure and its influence on a child as a consumer; to examine the decision making process and the stage children have the most influence; and to examine parents’ perception of the role children play in family purchase decision-making. . 5 SCOPE OF THE STUDY This study will focus on children’s influence on decision making process in the family as it relates to the purchase of products to be used by the family, family communication structure and patterns and parents perception of children’s influence in family purchase decision making. You read "Tv Advertising and Consumer Buying Behavior" in category "Papers" 1. 6 SIGNIFICANC E OF THE STUDY Family is the basic unit where most individuals learn about product categories and how to consume it. So, understanding family buying behavior is very important. It used to be that husband and wife hold dominant influence in family decision-making process. However, now, their role is changing. Today, children’s role in family decision-making process is also significant. As children are an integral part of the marketplace, this study would help manufacturers of family products, marketers and advertisers to understand the place of a child in the family. Their influence relates to a wide variety of products needed by their family and not just to the items that directly relate to their need. This means that, to market successfully to the family, advertisers must understand children’s role in the decision making process in the family. The result of this research will aid advertisers to better position products to win the hearts of children who will eventually influence their parents buying decision. 2. 0 LITERATURE REVIEW This section is to review what past studies has found on the influence children have on purchase decision in the family. 2. 1 FAMILY DECISION MAKING The family is a major influence in the consumer behavior process. As the basic group, which an individual belongs, the family provides early childhood learning about products and product categories, provides the opportunity for product exposure and repetition, and sets the consumption unit, the family members. As a major consumption unit the family is a prime target for most products and product categories (Schiffman Kanuk, 1983). Loudon Della (1993) as cited by Ekasasi (2005) define the family as a group of two or more persons related by blood, marriage, or adoption and residing together as a household. A number of different types of family exist. The nuclear family consists of a husband, a wife, and their offspring. The extended family consists of the nuclear family plus other relatives, such as parents of the husband or wife. There is also the detached nuclear family structure which has characteristics as follows: free choice of mates, higher levels of divorce, increased residential mobility, entry of large numbers of women into the labour force, and lower responsibility of children to care for their parents in their old age (Mowen, 1995 in Ekasasi, 2005). During the course of everyday living, thousands of decisions are made by family members. The husband and wife are clearly the dominant influences in family decision-making. Most studies have focused on their role in decision-making and the dominance on their role in decision-making and the dominance of one or the other. The relative influence of the husband and the wife is likely to vary according to the type of product considered, the stage in decision making, the nature of purchase influence, and family characteristics (Assael 1992). In the process of family decision-making, there are three stages: initiation, make choice and final decision. Initiation is the process whereby a family member proposes a suggestion and ideas. Making choice is the second stage. Family members search and compare different alternatives. The final stage is the buying decision process. The child has been regarded as an initiator in family decision-making. When a particular product has been chosen as a candidate in the second stage, the product has greater chance to be sold. 2. 2 CHILDREN’S INFLUENCE IN FAMILY DECISION MAKING Family decision- making research was initially directed to spouses, however the role of children on decision making and negotiation strategies had become an important issue of study (Kaur and Singh, 2006). Children not only enjoy making regular consumption decisions with their parents but they also insist their parents to buy the products they desire. The family as a purchasing unit is a central phenomenon in consumer behavior. Researchers have studied how a family makes a purchase decision for many years but most of the ‘families’ studied only comprised the husband and wife (Davis, 1976 in Kaur and Singh, 2006). However, family decisions are influenced by every member of the family, which means how a family makes decisions will not be well examined unless every member’s influence is taken into account; children inclusive. Children’s influence in family purchase decisions and the spending power of children have increased over the last 40 years (Shoham and Dalakas, 2005). After Berey and Polly (1968) as cited by Kaur Singh (2006) detected child’s influence in family decision making, there was an increasing recognition of children’s important role with the increasing influence of children in family decision making. Usually, children influence parental purchases in the shopping environment, at home, in the car, at the movies, during television viewing, on vacation, at mealtime, even in church. The influence that children have on parental purchases is extensive and principally embraces the following areas (McNeal 1999): 1. Items for the children, including snacks, toys, consumer electronics, clothing, and hobbies equipment and supplies. 2. Items for the home, including furnishings, television sets, stereo systems, and foods and beverages for meals. 3. Non-household items for family members, including vacations, automobiles, clothing, restaurant meals, and recreation. In addition to these three groups, there are others that are more difficult to classify. They include family gifts to the children’s grandparents and family donations to charities. Also, children often influence the parent’s choice of stores and shopping centers. According to Ramzy, T. Ogden, R. Ogden and Zakaria (2012) children’s purchasing power can be direct, money controlled by the child, or indirect, relating to parental purchases that the child initiates or influences. Children influence family buying decisions in four different ways. First, children influence their parents to buy products for their individual preferences. Second, older children have their own pocket money and buy the products directly. Third, children influence their parents’ choice for family products for shared consumption. Lastly, children influence their parents’ own preferences. Children exert a certain influence on the overall decision process (Wut and Chou 2009). Geuens, Mast and Pelsmacker (2002) discovered that children can have active or passive influence on purchase decision. Active influence means that the child wants to influence purchase decisions in a direct way by recommending, hinting and/or asking for things (McNeal, 1999). Passive dictation, on the other hand, means that parents are influenced by what they experience their children prefer or need (Wells, 1965). A mother experiencing that her toddler enjoys a specific meal will be more increased to buy or cook this particular food again (Mehrotra and Torges, 1977 as cited by Wut and Chou, 2009). Passive influence is mostly unconscious and as a consequence difficult to observe and measure. Various researchers have revealed that a number of factors play a substantial role on children’s influence on parents buying decisions across different product categories. Berey Pollay (1968, as cited by Kaur Singh 2006) studied mother-child dyads in purchase of break- fast cereals and found that in most of the products parents are intermediary purchasing agents for children. In such situations children’s influence on parent’s purchase decisions is governed by two factors as children’s assertiveness and parent’s child centeredness. The study showed that more assertive the child or more children cantered the mother is, more probable the mother will buy the child desired brands. The research also revealed that mother’s act as gatekeepers and bought products that weighed high in nutrition. In general children exert more influence on products for which they are primary consumers (Lee and Beauty 2002). In recent years, family structures have changed considerably. We have single parents, two parents with one source of income, dual income families and higher divorce rates. Geuens, Mast and Pelsmacker (2002) examined the impact of new family structures (single versus one parent, two versus one income, high versus low working hours, small versus large size) on children’s influence on family purchase decision-making. The increase of children’s influence on parents buying decisions in most of the developed countries can be attributed to various reasons. First; increase in number of working couple resulting in to cash rich and time poor society and hence increasing the influence of children on parents; second, the shift in the family setup from joint families to nuclear families, allowing the influence of children on parents buying decisions; third, lesser number of children per family, resulting in increase in the buying power of each; fourth, the repeated exposure to media resulting in socialization of children which in turn result in to children influence on parents buying decisions etc. Wimalasiry (2004). Williams and Burns (2000) explained that changing social trends such as working mothers, decreased and delayed childbearing, increased divorce rates, and rapid maturation have given way to a formidable market force for children. They developed a scale based on social power theory to measure children’s direct influence attempts. The seven dimensions derived to represent direct influence attempt were ask nicely, bargain, show affection, just ask, beg and plead, show anger, and con. In this study, these dimensions will be utilized to measure the direct influence of children. . 3 THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK Two theories are proposed to guide this study. They are the typology of family communication patterns and social power theory. 2. 3. 1 TYPOLOGY OF FAMILY COMMUNICATION PATTERNS The typology of parent-child communication structures and patterns was developed by McLeod and Chaffee (1972) and this typology utilizes Newcomb’s (1953) co-orientation model. Together, the two dimensio ns of family communication structure yielded a four-fold typology of family communication patterns: laissez-faire, protective, pluralistic, and consensual. McLeod and Chaffee (1972) identified two dimensions of parent-child communications dimensions. These dimensions are the degree of social orientation and degree of concept orientation. Social Orientation: The communications in families with a high social orientation are designed to produce obedience from the child and foster family harmony. Concept Orientation: The communications in families with a high concept orientation are designed to encourage openness and foster an independent outlook. Laissez-faire families emphasize neither of the two dimensions and there is little communication between parents and children. Protective families emphasize the socio-orientation dimension, stressing obedience and social harmony, and are not concerned with conceptual matters. Conversely, Pluralistic families tend to stress the concept-orientation dimension, with an emphasis being placed on mutuality of respects and interest. Children are encouraged to explore new ideas and to express them openly without fear of reprisal. Finally, consensual families stress both the socio- and concept orientation dimensions, and children are encouraged to explore the world about them but to do so without disrupting the family’s established internal social harmony. A parent with a high socio-orientation believes that children should respect him/her, should suppress opinions on areas not pertaining to them, that children should avoid disagreements with parents and be obedient (Moschis Moore 1978). Parents with this type of communication orientation tend to control their child’s consumption-related learning (Moschis Moore 1979). A high concept-orientation means that parents encourage children to evaluate different alternatives when making decisions. Children in this orientation are allowed to discuss disagreements with parents and to develop their own consumer skills. They are also asked by their parents about purchase decisions even if the product is not directly for the child. According to Moschis and Mitchell (1986), children from families with a high social orientation are less likely to be involved in family decisions and less likely to make consumption-related decisions for themselves. Conversely, children from families with a high concept orientation are likely to have higher product knowledge, better able to manage a family budget and have a higher regard for their parents’ opinions. 2. 3. 2 SOCIAL POWER THEORY Social power theory examines power bases in social interactions. The concept of social power was initially introduced by Lewin (1951) and later developed theoretically by French and Raven (1959). Social power theory is an appropriate theoretical framework from which to study children’s direct influence attempts for several reasons. First, social power theory identifies the bases of power which are present in social interactions. These sources of power may include expertise, reward power, referent power, legitimate power, and coercion. These five bases are considered by French and Raven (1959) to be the most important resources utilized by a person, but not an all-inclusive list of potential resources. Further, social power theory suggests that a person will make an assessment of his or her resources and choose an influence attempt that is consistent with his or her sources of social power. In addition, the theory suggests that these power bases may be utilized in two ways: active (i. e. , direct) or passive (i. e. , indirect). When the utilization of power to influence is active, or the result of an intentional act, a direct influence attempt is exerted. In relation to influence and power evidence exists that children exert varying degrees of influence on the family decision-making process. This influence varies by product, decision stage, child, parental and family characteristics but are not properly researched. Social power theory is useful in explaining differences in children’s influence on purchases and distinguishes between influence derived from active and passive power, compatible with direct and indirect influence. Power bases pertinent to exercising influence include: expert (e. g. children possess detailed knowledge about toys, games etc. ; legitimate (e. g. children and products they consume including food, toys and clothing); referent (identifying with peers); reward (children exhibiting good behaviour) and coercive power (e. g. children threatening negative or bothersome behaviour, complaining or even pestering) (Flurry and Burns, 2005). Furthermore, social power theory further suggests the five power bases may be utilised in two ways: actively and passively. Power used to influence is an active and intentional action; passive, when the mere presence of power is influential. Both contribute to a person’s potential to direct a preferential outcome. 3. 0 METHODOLOGY This section comprises of the research design, population, sample size, sampling technique, research instrument to be employed, method of data collection and analysis to be employed. 3. 1 RESEARCH DESIGN This study will employ descriptive survey because the role children play in influencing family purchase decision will be described. It will also be a cross-sectional study as children’s influence will be examined from the children as well as the parents’ point of view. Since the research aims at understanding children’s influence in family purchase decision, the views of the children will be essential for this study and to get a balanced view, the views of the parents will also be important, especially mothers. This study will employ questionnaire and in-depth interview as methods of collecting primary data. 3. 2 POPULATION The study will be located in Ibadan metropolis in Oyo State, South West Nigeria. Ibadan is majorly populated by the Yoruba people, but its population has always been ethnically mixed and is becoming increasingly so. Ibadan houses one of Africa’s premier universities, the University of Ibadan, which lends its economy a significant intellectual, professional and artistic profile. There are 11 Local Governments in Ibadan metropolitan area consisting of 5 urban local governments in the city and 6 semi-urban local governments. This study will be limited to one urban and one semi-urban local government which are Ibadan North-West and Ido local government respectively. One government-owned secondary school; one private secondary school will be randomly selected from the list of Secondary Schools in the two local government areas for this study. . 3 SAMPLE SIZE AND SAMPLING TECHNIQUE A multi – stage sampling procedure will be used for this study. At first six schools will be randomly selected from a list of public and private secondary schools in Ibadan North West as well as in Ido Local Government Areas of Oyo State respectively. Then, the balloting system will be used to choose one schoo l for the public secondary school and for the private secondary school in the two local government areas respectively. Going by the assumption that 25 pupils are meant to be in a class, a class of J. S. S 1, 2 and 3 students of a school will be the respondents for this study. This will be 75 respondents per school, making the number of respondents to be 150 altogether. The J. S. S 1, 2 and J. S. S 3 students will be used because they fall within the age range that this study would be focusing on, which is between the ages of 8 and 13 and also because they should be more matured than those in the primary school that also falls within this age range.. 3. 4 RESEARCH INSTRUMENT Questionnaire and in-depth interview will be used for this study. The questionnaire will be in two sections; the first section will be addressed to the children while the second section will be filled by the parents, specifically mothers. This section is specifically to ask the mother to indicate demographic characteristics of the child; including his/her birthday and sex of the child and to find out how they perceive the role their children play in family purchase decision. This information will be used to match the parent’s responses to responses given by the child. The questionnaire will be given to respondents to take home to their parents. The interview will be for the teachers of the respective schools to be used to ascertain the schools’ demography. 3. 5 METHOD OF DATA COLLECTION This will involve qualitative method. The headteachers or class teachers of these four schools will be requested to distribute the questionnaires to a class of J. S. S 1, 2 and J. S. S 3 students at the schools. 3. 6 METHOD OF DATA ANALYSIS The method of data analysis will involve quantitative and qualitative methods. For quantitative method, univariate and bivariate tabulation methods will be used for the analysis. REFERENCES Ali A. and Batra D. K. (2011) Children influence on parents buying decisions in Delhi (India) European Journal of Business and Management (Online) Vol. 3 (11), 19-28 Davis, H. L. 1976), Decision making within the household, Journal of Consumer Research, Vol. 2, March, 241-60. Ekasasi S. R. (2005) The Role of Children in Family Decision Making: A Theoretical Review, Edisi Khusus Jsb on Marketing, Volume 3, 25 – 41 Foxman E and Patriya S. T. (1989) Adolescents and Mothers Perceptions of Relative Influence in Family Decisions: Patterns of Agreement and Disagreement Advances in Consumer Research , 449-453. Geuens M. , Mast G. and Pelsmacker P. (2002) Children’s Influence on Family Purchase Behavior: The Role of Family Structure, Asia Pacific Advances in Consumer Research Volume 5, 130-135 Hall J, Shaw M, Johnson M. and Oppenheim P. (1995) Influence of Children on Family Consumer Decision-Making, European Advances in Consumer Research Volume 2, 45-53 Kaur, P and Singh, R (2006) „Children In Family Purchase Decision Making In India and the West: A Review. Academy of Marketing Science Review Vol. 2006 (8), 1-30 Lee, C. K. C. and Beatty, S. E (2002) Family Structure and Influence in Family Decision Making Journal of Consumer Marketing Vol. 19 (1), 4-41 McNeal, J. ; Ji, M. (1999) Chinese children as consumers: an analysis of their new product information sources Journal of Consumer Marketing Vol. 6(4), 345-364 Mikkelsen M. R. and Norgaard M. K (2012) Children’s Influence on Family Decision-Making in Food Buying and Consumption International Journal of Multidisciplinary Research Vol. 2 (5), 1-23 Moschis G. P, Prahasto A. E and Mitchell L. G (1986) Family Communication Influences on the Development of Consumer Behavior: Some Additional Findings Advances in Consu mer Research Volume 13, 365-369 Moschis G. P and Mitchell L. G (1986) Television Advertising and Interpersonal Influences on Teenagers’ Participation in Family Consumer Decisions Advances in Consumer Research Volume 13, 181-186 Nash C. (2009) The Parent Child Purchase Relationship Academy of Marketing Science Review Volume 8, 1-30 North E. J. and Kotze T. (2001) Parents and television advertisements as consumer socialisation agents for adolescents: An exploratory study Journal of Family Ecology and Consumer Sciences, Vol. 29, 92-99 Ramzy O. , Ogden D. T. , Ogden J. R. and Zakaria M. Y. (2012) Perceptions of Children’s Influence on Purchase Decisions – Empirical Investigation for the U. S. and Egyptian Families World Journal of Management Vol. 4 (1) March, 30 – 50 Ward, S. and Wackman, D. B (1972) Children’s Purchase Influence Attempts and Parental Influence Attempts and Parental Yielding, Journal of Marketing Research, Vol. 9, 316-319. Williams L. A. and Burns A. C. (2000) Exploring the Dimensionality of Children’s Direct Influence Attempts Advances in Consumer Research Volume 27, 64-71 Wut T. M. and Chou T. J. (2009) Children’s influences on family decision making in Hong Kong Young Consumers Vol. 10 (2), 146-156 Wut T. M. and Chou T. J. (2009) Family Communication Patterns and Children’s influence on Family Decision Making ANZMAC, 1-7 How to cite Tv Advertising and Consumer Buying Behavior, Papers

Corporations Law Hospitality and Catering

Question: Write about theCorporations Lawfor Hospitality and Catering. Answer: In the instant case there is family consisting of two couples, Thomas and Hillary and their children, Jackie and Karl. They plan to open a modest boutique hotel named as The Happy Hills. In order to do so they decided to convert their family home into a hotel. The couples were joint tenants of the family home. The entire family were qualified in the field of hospitality and catering and were confident of their success. The present issue deals with the decision regarding the kind of structure they should choose with respect to their business. The most suitable form of business would be partnership business. They would need very less capital to start the business. They would not have to deal with much hassle in securing funds for the business[1]. They will be able to keep the reins of the management in their own hand. The entire family will be able to contribute their own funds and in case the business becomes profitable they will be able to share the profits as per their contribution. There are various advantages of having a partnership business. The fact that there are many people managing would ensure that the business is run in a proper manner. The risks would be spread equally. In case any member of the family falls sick the others would be able to manage the business in a proper manner[2]. The start up costs would be less. The pressure of pooling the capital would be evenly distributed. In the long run they will be able to increase their funding by bringing in more partners. This would bring in flexibility in the business and make the prospect of growth bright. This would also mean that in case profits would be earned the amount would increase and the shares would also increase. The biggest advantage of having a partnership form of business is that the formation process is simple and lacks complexity. The regulations are lenient compared to companies. The laws are simpler to adhere. The partners would have their own say in the business. In the absence of shareholders they would receive less interference and would not be answerable to anyone. The management of the business would be very flexible and in the presence of fewer partners disputes would be solved in an easy manner[3]. All the family members will be able to contribute their ideas in the decision making process. In case there was only one owner the decision making process would be problematic. Since the responsibilities are split among many partners, the company would be benefited with their abilities[4]. Other than splitting the financial burden they will also be able to split the work as per their skills. For example if one family member is good at book keeping the other might have expertise in mar keting and sales. However there are certain problems which might arise in partnership business. There are chances of disagreements between the family members. They might have different ideas of running the business. They would disagree on deciding their responsibilities and deciding as to issues that would best suit the business. In case disagreements ensue the impact could be negative and harmful for the business[5]. This would impact upon the relationship of the partners. Thus they should draft a partnership deed while forming the business. This will ensure that all the members are aware of the procedures and policies which are present and applicable in case there are disagreements and disputes. They will also be able to determine procedure of dissolving the partnership if the problems subsist. The flexibility of a partnership business is somewhat less compared to sole proprietorship business. The freedoms are less in terms of management of the business. In case financial liabilities arise, the risk will be equally distributed among the partners. This will happen if the partnership is general in nature. The family had been advised that they should carry on the business under their own name. If they intend to carry on the business under the name of The Happy Hills they would have to follow certain procedures as per law. Thus they have to approach the Australian Securities and Investments Commission (ASIC) for the procedure. Initially they have to provide details of their names and that they are partners of the partnership business[6]. The type of information that they are going to provide will depend on the type of entity the person registering is. If the person registering is acting as an individual, he or she has to provide personal information. This may include details of birth and residential address. If the registration is being done in the name of a company or registered body, the details of the ACN or the ARBN are to be provided. The ASIC will derive the rest of the information from the Australian Business Register as well as from the companies register of the ASIC. If the reg istering partner is an incorporated body not having an ACN or ARBN, the ASIC will require the partner to appoint an organisation who will represent the partner. The commission also asks for mentioning the email addresses of each of the partners[7]. These email addresses are to be used for notifying the partner in case they receive requests for cancelling the business name. In case the partner is an incorporated entity they will not be required to forward nay details of the holder. In case the partner is a single individual, aspects like date and place of birth will have to be provided. The birth details will act as proof of identity of the partner. These details will not be displayed in the public register for confidentiality purposes. The details of residential address will be used for administrative and legal enforcement purposes. Business names are essential for legal recognition and if they are absent it is mandatory[8]. Thus the following procedures should be kept in mind by the family if they intend to run the business under their chosen name. In the present issue Hillary seeks advice as to how disputes and disagreements in regard to business decisions can be resolved. Partnership business is a convenient way of doing business. Since there are already four heads in the business it has a better prospect compared to sole proprietorship business. These kinds of collaborations are present in many kinds of businesses. This structure is usually followed in case firms and start-ups delivering professional services. It is true however that disputes and disagreements in relation to business decision making and they are problematic in nature[9]. Such issues may impact the personal relationships of the partners. Thus there are ways by which disputes in a partnership business can be avoided. For that the partners should put in time, money, effort and patience throughout the process of dispute resolution. Thus certain ways can be followed by which disputes can be resolved and the partnership will not be damaged. Initially the family should make sure that a written or typed partnership deed is made. The agreement in such cases can be either operating agreement or partnership agreement. This will depend on the nature of business they are carrying. Certain aspects should be clearly mentioned within the partnership deed or agreement. There should be mention of the people who are controlling the business and their degree of control. The role and job of each partner should be mentioned. The duties and obligations of each partner should also be clearly mentioned. The capital contributions of the partners should be mentioned as well the nature of the contributions. In case additional capital inflow is required, the method of utilising them should be included in the agreement. The compensations should be decided upon and how they will be distributed should be mentioned[10]. The agreement will contain the policies and procedures that will be adopted by the business and used for decision making. There should also be mention of contingent and emergency situations. This may include cases of conflicts, situations where a partner can withdraw from the business, removal of the partners and co founders etc. Provisions will also have to be made as to change in the percentage of ownership when existing partners or new partners bring in more money to the business. The partners have to determine the circumstances under which the partnership relationship or the business can be terminated and ended[11]. Disputes usually arise in partnership businesses when the agreements do not contain clear information and is unable to provide the correct guidance to the partners. This creates more confusion and conflict. Hence it is important that maximum details and information is provided within the agreement. The agreement will provide procedures in case complex issues arise regarding dispute resolution. Conversations and negotiations are very helpful methods of resolving disputes. In case disputes and disagreements arise the family members should decide upon a specific time for discussions. It is not necessary that the discussions are made during the work as it would become unproductive and cumbersome for the business. In the present case scenario the issue is a complex one. The daughter of the couple takes the initiative of executing a plan with for converting the family kitchen according to an industrial layout. The purpose was to cater to more number of customers. The kitchen appliances of industrial nature were ordered from Appliance City in the name of The Happy Hills. The deal was lucrative for the hotel business as they were allowed a healthy discount. However the problem or issue arose when the seller tried to cancel the contract on the ground that the business does not have any existence. The manager of Appliance City claimed that the contract was void due to the non existence of the business. Thus, in order to enforce the contract they have to prove certain things to the seller i.e. Appliance City. As per law it is important for any business to register their business name in Australia. This would enable the partnership firm or business to trade under the business name. The registration of business name will enable the potential customers to have a valid and meaningful connection with the brand and the business. A business name will also help the establishment to be differentiated from the competitors[12]. On registering the business, the application of the registration will be across Australia and will not be restricted to the state only. When the business name gets registered, transparency increases. The customers are facilitated to access the information regarding the identity of the people who are running the business. It is important for the family to check with the ASIC to make sure that their business name is not registered by some other person[13]. It is also esse ntial that they should contact IP Australia to make sure that the business name does not have any registration under a trademark or other intellectual property. If the trademark exists and the family still continues to use the business name they may be sued for infringing the trademark. It is also important that a written partnership agreement is made[14]. The agreement should be registered. The agreement will give them the right to register the proposed business name. The registration of the business name is to be made with the Australian Securities and Investments Commission (ASIC). Before doing so, the family has to apply for an Australian Business Name at the Australian Taxation Office (ATO). The registration of the business name will be valid for a period of one to three years. For continuing the use of the name the registration must be renewed by the end of the period. Business names if not registered and if reported by a third party can attract penalty as per law to the tune of $ 5100. Thus if all these aspects can be proved by the family they will be able to enforce the contract. 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