Maslow and Hertzbergs Theories of Motivation

Maslow and Hertzbergs Theories of Motivation There are two types of motivational theories, process and content theory. Maslow was extremely clear to emphasize that organisations should, within reasons carry out all they can to satisfy needs of all levels in an organisation; whether, considering teams, departments or individuals. (Fincham et. al.(2005)).  He also recognised the problem involving this idea, Fincham (2005) states it is hard for us to go backward psychologically A theory which offered a number of predictions about what motivates people in societies offering relatively full employment, when jobs are scarce; employees are motivated solely by deficiency needs. (Fincham and Rhodes, page 197) Real introduction Motivation has increased in popularity over the past era, determining organisational behaviour; theories of motivation are necessary in ensuring comprehensive and promising organisational activities. This essay explores the importance, similarities and differences of motivational theories concentrating specifically on Maslows and Hertzbergs theory; also the essay investigates how team leaders might exercise the two theories to motivate their teams in an organisational setting. Hallway (1991) reveals that by the 1960s motivation became the central concept through which to understand job satisfaction. Motivational theories are divided into two different categories; termed content and process theories. Both Maslows and Hertzbergs theories are in the content category; content theories assume that all individuals possess the same sets of needs (Fincham et al. 2005). Although, Maslows and Hertzbergs theories are both in the content category, both have similarities and differences; it is ex tremely important to investigate both theorys uniqueness and variations. Fincham et al (2005) agues that Maslow was extremely clear to emphasize that organisations and management should, within reasons carry out all they can to satisfy needs of all levels in an organisation; whether, considering teams, departments or individuals. It is extremely important to understand how team leaders can use Maslows and Hertzbergs theories of motivation, in creating; high-quality structured organised and incentivised individuals. Equally, both theories have some relationships between them for instance, the two psychologist categorised ideas into divisions. For example, Hertzberg divided his idea into two factors termed hygiene factor and motivator factor. On the other hand, Abraham Maslow in addition divided the theory into a progression pyramid expressed as deficiency needs and the higher-order needs. Consequently, deficiency needs must be met in order to motivate employees, deficiency needs are similar to hygiene factor, and however the motivators of Hertzberg are likewise similar to Maslows higher-order needs. Furthermore, team leaders must be extremely conscious of the long term objectives and aims of constructing such theories. One purpose of motivation theories is to encourage organisations to respect the feeling and needs of the workforce; there are many ways and methods to satisfy individuals. For instance, according to Hertzberg, providing employees with good working environment; organisations will g radually observe the impact of the motivator factor (after fulfilling the hygiene factor) through the quality of work and productivity. Ultimately, this suggests when employees are enjoying quality working environment, subsequently productivity will increase enormously. Fincham et al (2005) quotes the presence of motivators in a workplace caused enduring states of motivation in employees. Consequently, Hygiene factors normally produce acceptable work environment but not increased in satisfaction. Similarly, Maslow firmly believes that deficiency needs must be met before expecting fully motivated team; deficiency needs consists of three concepts of human necessitate which are Physiological needs (such as environment), safety needs (job security) and social needs such as belonging and love. Fincham et al (2005) clearly demonstrate that the theory is sending strong messages that when jobs are readily available, pay is adequate, and there is a sense of job security, deficiency needs are easily satisfied. As deficiency needs are fulfilled by an employer, the progression in the hierarchy is essential this is because when physiological and security needs are met, this will construct social needs an exceptionally important motivator; team leaders should invest in social aspects of needs this is because an individuals tends to feel odd in a new team; social enhancement is very important to organisations since acknowledgment of the workforce is classed as an incentive; therefore Hertzb ergs motivator factor (recognition) is satisfied. Moreover, recognition is the acknowledgement of someone for doing creditable job nevertheless, motivation theory encourages team leaders to always appreciate team members contribution and therefore close relationship between the two(team member and leader) must be familiarised. Hayes (1997) stresses the necessitate of relationship combination between the team leader and the team, for example, by recognising an individuals needs for support and provision, a team leader is able to engage the provision of training in new skills, giving an individual time off after a demanding period at the workplace and or simply providing emotional support to them. Achieving the above will lead to a teams triumph (achievement) similarly providing team members with feedback on their progress will enhance an individuals confidence to acknowledge their full potential and to attain more. Similarities Hertzberg et al.1959. Hertzberg- psychologist categorised their theories into to category of their own, Hertzberg has split his theory into two factors, he called it hygiene and motivator factor. Whereas, Maslow called his hierarchy of needs, the deficiency needs and the higher-order needs. Maslow Similarity: the theory explains when jobs are readily available, pay is adequate, and there is degree of job security, deficiency needs are easily satisfied (Fincham et al. page 197). As deficiency needs are fulfilled by an employer, the progression in the hierarchy is essential this is because when physiological and security needs are met, this will make social needs an extremely important motivator. Firstly deficiency needs must be met in order to motivate employees, the deficiency needs are similar to hygiene factor, and however the motivators of Hertzberg are likewise similar to Maslows higher-order needs. (Own writing) Both theory did not include monetary reward is a motivator; Maslow defines salary as a norm, whereas Hertzberg referred salary as a hygiene factor which only stops dissatisfaction of employees but do not motivates them. For example, Hertzberg (1972) located salary in the hygiene factor. (Fincham et al. page 195:200, (2005)) it is important to consider the role of non-financial rewards and recognition play in motivating staff. Differences Main difference- psychologist Hertzbergs first account of his theory was that it made the proposals easily testable (major difference between the two psychologists accounts). (Page 199 Fincham, (2005)) Possible difference from Maslow theory: although Maslow has described how the constructs could be measured but the process he has set out were unclear because the complexity of the description (cannot be easily measured which made it difficult for anyone to follow). Fincham et al. (p 198, (2005)) states the operational definitions of the need constructs or other variables such as prepotency were not always clear. And so measurement of them was invariably problematic (Maslow did describe how the constructs might be measured but the process he set out was extremely complex and never followed by anyone) Although, Hertzberg theory illustrate how employers can motivate their employees, Hertzberg goes further than that, he also described how jobs can be changed to gain well-motivated workforce for the long run. (Fincham et al. P200, (2005)) How can a team leader motivate his team? Herzberg motivators- the presence of motivators in a workplace caused enduring states of motivation in employees (Fincham et al. Page 199, (2005)) Subsequently, Hygiene factors normally produce acceptable work environment but not increased in satisfaction. 09.11.2010 written By the 1960s motivation had become the central concept through which to understand job satisfaction. (Page 97,work psychology and organisational behaviour, Wendy Hallway,1991) Team leader can motivate workers by offering them intrinsic reward. Herzterg believes the only way to motivate employees is to give them challenging work in which employees can assume responsibility. According to Hertzbergs two factor theory, giving employees good working environment, team leaders will eventually notice the impact of this factor through the quality of work and productivity(own writing) According to Hertzberg and Maslow individuals are motivated in certain ways, for example Hertzberg has indicated how job redesigned can incorporate more motivation. Ways of motivating employees according to Hertzberg motivator factor: Responsibility by increasing employees autonomy (independence) while retaining accountability, employees will feel that they possess responsibly which allows them to achieve more. Accountability- increasing accountability of employees for their own work will motivate them by recognising them. Recognition -giving employees feedback on their work enhances an individual confidence. Hayes (1997) stresses the necessitate of relationship combination between the team leader and the team, for example, by recognising an individuals desires for support and provision, a team leader is able to engage the provision of training in new skills, giving an individual time off after a demanding period at the workplace and or simply providing emotional support to them. Achieving the above motivator (Hertzbergs motivator factor) will lead to teams triumph (achievement). Promotion- Achievement- assigning individuals specific and specialised tasks enhances the expertise of an employee. Above are motivators of Hertzberg theory of motivation, Hertzberg (1972) believes these motivators contributes to development and promotes psychological growth. Consequently, in Maslows higher-order needs, he includes self esteem and self actualisation, Maslow firmly believes that these needs will promote an individual full potential. Stress is the cause of many illnesses whether psychological or physical illness, for example, Parkinson et al (1995) have stressed out that research on stress had revealed the cause of psychological illnesses. Motivating employees, team leaders are able reduce the occurrence of stress, stress is mainly caused when a job or the role of an employee is repetitive or is lacking variety. Employees prefer to use variety of skills but when a job is repetitive, limited skills are been consumed which causes stress amongst employees. Fincham et al. (2005) , demonstrates the level of stimulation a job provides is likewise associated with the amount of stress it can cause employees to experience. Even though it is possible to contradict and criticize this finding, some believe routine work is common in some workplaces. Individuals have a tendency to be uninspired by repetitive and lack of variety in work, consequently team leader can motivate their team using Maslow and Hertzbergs theory of motivation. There are many ways and methods of motivating employees, one example rotating roles between individuals will result in a significantly high motivation. According to Hollway (1991) there were various attempts that have been applied since the first world war to solve the problems caused by repetitive jobs, Walker (1950) quoted in Hollway (1991) mentions within industry a variety of devices have been tried for a relief of monotony in highly simplified, repetitive operationintroduction of rest pauses, music in the workshop and the grouping of workers into competitive teams. Although using music in the workshop can be quite interesting for some employees, others will argue that not everybody can be motivated by music, instead music can also bee moderately stressful.

Martin Luther King and Abraham Lincoln Essay

Abraham Lincoln and Martin Luther King were two very similar orators who wanted to achieve almost identical goals. Abraham Lincoln was the president of the United States and the leader of the Anti-Slavery Republican Party. His speech was delivered on the nineteenth November 1863 mat Gettysburg during the ‘Great Civil War’. His primary objective was to abolish slavery and he did this partly by indirectly telling his audience, such as, purposely forgetting his status and addressing his ‘Fellow countrymen’ with intense respect which consequently reflects his beliefs in equality. Martin Luther King, a Baptist Minister, was the leader of the Civil Rights Movement. He performed his speech almost one hundred years after Lincoln’s speech on the twenty eighth August at Lincoln’s memorial. King believed in egalitarianism and he also wanted to end segregation; this is what both orators set out to do. Lincoln and King have similar purposes for their speeches but targeted them in different ways. Influenced by the great legend Mahatma Gandhi who also himself was a non-violent freedom fighter, King wanted to gain black people’s freedom the same way as Gandhi, in a non-violent protest. Lincoln had a similar contractual obligation. He was to abolish slavery. He conveyed this in his concise speech ‘for the people’. Both King and Lincoln have implicit messages in their speeches. Lincoln, apart from trying to abolish slavery, also promoted ‘The honored dead’ and making people understand what their ‘fathers’ had done for them and what is left for them to do. King, on the other hand, apart from trying to gain black people’s freedom, evokes a feeling of disgust by the use of metaphors to induce an image of the ‘governor’s lips’, ‘dripping with the words of interposition and nullification’ which evokes a sin ister feeling within the audience which King hoped to achieve as it would divert the ‘Negro’s’ mind and evoke a feeling f disgust towards the government. King targets his audience cleverly. He explicitly targets the majority of the black people, who still, ‘one hundred years later’, and ‘must face the tragic fact that the Negro is still not free’. This clearly shows that King is telling his audience that even today after ‘one hundred years’ the ‘Negro’ are, ‘ still not free’. He implicitly talks to the ‘governor’s’; concurrently he is talking to the ‘Negro’ community by changing their views towards the ‘governor’s’. King is trying to provide a vivid reflection for the ‘Governor’s’ to make them realize what they are doing and how much better they could make if they abolish slavery and put an end to segregation. Alternatively, Lincoln’s audience was probably affluent white people from Northern US. Although King had the advantage of the TV, Radio, media and Microphone, Lincoln’s speech wa s just as well heard as King’s speech. The use of emotive words engages both King and Lincoln’s audience. King unifies his audience at the ‘table of brotherhood’ which, apart from unifying the audience also has a religious impact on the black people as they were extremely religious and an indirect reference to Jesus and his disciples would have caused immense unity between the audience. This metaphor apart from providing unity, it also is a very peaceful metaphor as it includes everybody. In contrast, Lincoln believes that their ‘nation’ is ‘under God’. These religious references amalgamate the audience and make them think that they are doing this for ‘God’ and that they are ‘God’s children’. Both orators structure their speeches in similar ways. The speech is structured in chronological order as it bequeaths a rhythmic feel. Firstly they talk about what their ‘fathers’ had to go through to get them this far, then they move into the present where both speech makers clearly make it noticeable that they talking about ‘now’. King introduces his future ingeniously by stating that he has ‘a dream’, which circuitously shows what he wants it to be like in the near future for his ‘four little children’. This poignant language also evokes sympathy not just for King but also for people around them who are going through the same traumatic experience. Different tones area applied by both orators to conjure up diverse feelings. Lincoln uses a sincere tone to compliment his feeling to abolish slavery when he addresses his ‘fellow countrymen’. On the other hand, King uses a powerful voice to ‘Let freedom ring’ and to strengthen the speech to emphasize his beliefs of ‘freedom’. Lincoln also has a sense of vigor in his tone which shows how the soldiers ‘nobly advance’ and which portrays the strength of his own voice as well corroborating other people simultaneously. Religious and biblical manners are used by both speechmakers, which has a great impact on the nation at the same time, as persons at that time, especially black public were very religious. Lincoln refers to the people being ‘under God’ which would convey a thought of great expectations in the minds of the listeners. King says that the ‘glory of the Lord shall be revealed’, which meant that if they work together, then they can create a better world for themselves and for their children, so if they stick together and protest they will see the reward. Both raconteurs coerce their audience by the use of different strategies. They both use analogous strategies to portray their views. Lincoln and King use the same strategies; however, King uses them extensively. Both use the rule of three but King take one-step further and converts it into repetition. When King repeats ‘Let freedom ring’, it emphasizes how much the black ‘community’ wants ‘freedom to ring’. However, Lincoln repeats two words in particular, ‘great’ and ‘nation’. The repetition of ‘great’ show the importance that can be achieved out of a ‘great civil war’ to form a bond between the people present and to say, if we are a ‘nation so conceived and so dedicated’ then we can tolerate the hardship and pain of war. The use of emotive language evokes a more personal feeling. King refers to his children to add a sympathetic feel to his speech. He also uses biblical references such as when ‘the day when all of God’s children will be able to sing with new meaning’ keeps his audience interested by implicitly saying it will be done and it grants hope to his audience. On the other hand, Lincoln’s use of emotive language is more biblical rather than personal. The only reference to a more personal feeling was when he talked about their ‘fathers’ to call to mind a nostalgic upshot and to say how disrespectful it would be to go against the equality that our ‘fathers’ created ‘this continent a new nation’. King and Lincoln use alliteration in the same way. King uses alliteration to show ‘a desert state sweltering sweltering’, which too, portrays the immense heat of injustice. An onomatopoeic effect to give a sense of power to the ‘government of the people, by the people, for the people’ due to the repetition of the ‘P’. Martin Luther King and Abraham Lincoln intentionally use language to persuade their audience to fight freedom in a non-violent disapproval. Both orators take advantage of the uses of language to achieve their primary aim. Lincoln juxtaposes the ‘civil war’ with ‘great’ to encourage the greatness of war and what can be achieved out of this battle to abolish slavery. King juxtaposes ‘the dark and desolate valley of segregation to the sunlit path of racial justice’. Apart from being a metaphor, alliteration is also inserted and an expectant pause is added to let the audience reflect on what King had just said. Both speechmakers, to transmit a compassionate emotion use emotive language. In conclusion to my analysis Martin Luther King’s speech was the most effective only to the obvious reason that his was of a longer length so it contained more within it. Lincoln’s speech was nearly as good as King’s speech because he also interleaved messages inside his meaning which as a consequent added depth to his speech and made his speech almost as superior as King’s. King’s speech was good too for the reason that he could express his views openly as he had more time as well as more technology to reach more people.

Life’s Greatest Miracle Essay

â€Å"Life’s Greatest Miracle†_ details the reproductive process from start to finish. It starts by discussing the crucial role DNA plays when it comes to reproduction, its so important due to DNA holding the chromosomes that give each human unique physical traits. From there they begin discussing the process of meiosis, the process of male sperm and female eggs. They describe sperm being more about quantity, whereas the female egg is all about quality. When the male sperm and a female egg meet, they create a union of chromosomes, taking unique traits from both the male and female, creating an individual that has unique traits. The documentary also makes use of microimagery, which gives the viewer very detailed and real time photos of the process that is a new human life and what it looks like during the developmental phases. From this point, they begin discuss the journey sperm takes upon sexual intercourse and the difficult nature of fertilization. It is amazing to think, that at the very beginning of ones conception you are a single cell. A single tiny cell that nature and nurture takes over and the same tiny cells grow to be strong and powerful enough to produce bones, vital organs and a brain over the course of only nine months. Throughout these entire discussions and processes, the documentary does not overwhelm you with scientific jargon and due to the nature of the subject; it was not as  uncomfortable as one might then when watching. It also helped that during the  entire documentary of the films and going through the scientific side of reproduction that they had a real time couple discussing their experience of pregnancy from start to finish. This made the material much easier to understand. These real life examples gave the documentary another dimension. This was actually my third time watching this documentary, after watching it once in High School and again in a previous college class. Their wasn’t exactly a shock factor or the material didn’t overwhelm me, which is seems to do to many people when they first watch it. After watching it though, it provokes your thoughts about the concept of life and the wonders of how in nine short months; two people can create a new life. Overall the material of reproduction, I agree with. I mean what is there to disagree with exactly? Reproduction is a scientific process like it or not. Yes, there are some unknowns and minor details that we might never find out. Unless you have some of your own beliefs about reproduction and life I just don’t see or understand how somebody could disagree and argue with the science and knowledge we have established in the process of reproduction. Also the video does increase the viewers’ knowledge of our beginnings. Many people know the concept of reproduction, and man has sexual intercourse with a women and if she is fertile, a baby can be conceived, whoever the documentary breaks down the science behind reproduction in detail, but like a stated previously they do an excellent job of not overwhelming the viewer with scientific jargon and the real-life couple they have speaking about their own pregnancy from beginning to birth makes it much easier to understand. Yes, I would recommend this video to another group of students. It was an excellent documentary on the process of reproduction and development. I would recommend this to be watched by future diversity classes and defiantly any type of sexuality class. The material is very informative, and something that any mature class can watch and understand without any issues.

The Analysis Of The Deepwater Horizon Study Group

BP leadership along with partners did not have proper governance and process to evaluate the risk that they are willing to take. The employee at every level does not know how much risk to take nor did any corporate policy exist to guide them. Having zero risk tolerance and zero safety defects in these complex operations ensure there are no human losses. The analysis of the Deepwater Horizon Study Group (2011) (p.11) shows that the leadership was concerned about how much money was spent in excess and did not address previous violations or preventive steps. Instead of downplaying, BP could have accessed the situation, analyzed, and communicated just before and after the explosions from an organizational behavior perspective. Communication is an important tool and basic needs of any organization to effectively discuss or write to their employees, clients, external vendors, and the government to govern internal process and enhance its customer experiences. 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