Investment and Analysis For the Budget Required For Coffee Shop

Question: Examine about the Investment and Analysis For the Budget Required For Setting Up the Coffee Shop in New Zealand. Answer: Presentation This report mirrors the subtleties and speculation examination systems to assess the measure of consumption, venture and investigation for the spending plan required for setting up the café in New Zealand. It is additionally seen that in the event that business visionary needs to set up a café in New Zealand, at that point it will require speculation around NZ$ 4,50,000. Venture undertaking and parts of speculation ventures With the expanding repercussion of monetary changes and expanding development of espresso business in New Zealand, it is assessed that if a businessperson needs to set up another espresso business in New Zealand then he needs to make course of action of account. Notwithstanding, estimation of around NZ$ 4, 50,000 speculation is required for setting up new espresso business. In setting up new espresso business in New Zealand, it will cost around NZ$ 4, 50,000 sum. It is seen that organization needs to raise capital from inward and outside sources, for example, own subsidizing, issues of offers and debenture in market and utilizing held profit (Gotze, Northcott Schuster, 2016). Capital and income use prerequisite Subtleties Cost (NZ$) Foundation 1,00,000 Deals group hired= Representatives salary= 1K* 13 employees=13K HR investment= 7K Chiefs salary= 5k*2 =10K 50,000 Worth chain cost 1,50,000 Speculation plan 50,000 Legitimate division costs 25,000 Delicate filling cost 1,00,000 Authorizing cost 50,000 Employed space 25,000 Undertaking cost acceleration 25,000 Complete required expense 5,50,000 (Alkaraan, 2017). This subtleties demonstrates that so as to set up new coffeehouse business in New Zealand specialists should bear cost around NZ$ 5, 50,000. Speculation subtleties identified with crude material It is assessed that imaginative strides in this new espresso business could take the business person on huge level. It is viewed as that if business person who have set up business in New Zealand, needs to make venture to purchase best nature of crude material, for example, great sugar, espresso beans, and long procedure to beat the espresso and utilizing distinctive flavor to change the flavor of espresso. In any case, individuals in New Zealand are increasingly disposed towards purchasing high caliber of espresso independent of the cost charged for the equivalent. In this way, the executives branch of new espresso business in New Zealand should concentrate on purchasing best crude material in esteem chain exercises (Dyson, Berry, 2014). Money for activity So as to build up new espresso business in New Zealand, business person would be needing masterminding NZ$ 5, 50,000. In any case, the fundamental hazard associated with course of action of money for this business is identified with overburden of cost of capital. On the off chance that business visionary neglected to have return on capital utilized more than its expense of capital then it will result into misfortune to the estimation of capital put resources into business (Dyson, Berry, 2014). Gainfulness of speculation Subsequent to assessing the espresso business showcase in New Zealand, it is assessed that Coffee business has high development in New Zealand advertise. It is viewed as that young individuals, couples and office going people are progressively disposed towards drinking espresso. What's more, the expense of one espresso will take just 30% of the selling costs which would be (NZ $ 4*30%= NZ $ 1.2). This mirrors organization could have benefit of 70% from its espresso selling business which will assist representative with creating an incentive on his speculation (Parsons Wilkinson, 2015). Hazard and opportunity evident from the speculation venture Hazard It is viewed as that because of high development in the espresso advertise in New Zealand, there are a few new comers who are going into espresso business with imaginative thoughts and innovative business working. It is assessed that if businessperson neglects to convey new espresso business according to the interest and need of customers then different opponents will get all the expected customers from the market (Gotze, Northcott Schuster, 2016). Opportunity Espresso business and request of espresso items are expanding definitely in New Zealand. In a perfect world, couples, Teenagers and other office going people are progressively disposed towards drinking espresso. Also, the espresso items costing will be 30% of the sells value which will reflect high benefit acquiring sum for the organization. Moreover, fixed expense and other anomalous misfortunes are likewise exceptionally low in espresso business. End It is assessed that creative strides in this new espresso business could take the business person on large level. On the off chance that legitimate degree of hazard and opportunity is estimated in decided methodology, at that point business visionary could without much of a stretch get the potential chance and accessible speculation choices. References Alkaraan, F. (2017). Vital Investment Appraisal: Multidisciplinary Perspectives. InAdvances in Mergers and Acquisitions(pp. 67-82). Emerald Publishing Limited. Dyson, R. G., Berry, R. H. (2014). Capital investmen Research: Frontiers of Operational Research and Applied Systems Analysis, 59. Gotze, U., Northcott, D., Schuster, P. (2016).INVESTMENT APPRAISAL. SPRINGER-VERLAG BERLIN AN. Gotze, U., Northcott, D., Schuster, P. (2016).INVESTMENT APPRAISAL. SPRINGER-VERLAG BERLIN AN. Parsons, A., Wilkinson, M. H. (2015). Retailing in New Zealand: Where Are We and Where To Next?. InEuropean Retail Research(pp. 141-160). Springer Fachmedien Wiesbaden

Effects of Smoking on the Human Body Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Impacts of Smoking on the Human Body - Essay Example Once breathed in, carbon monoxide arrives at the circulation system through the lungs and alveoli, it ties to the hemoglobin segment of the red platelets, framing a steady compound called carboxyhaemoglobin (COHb). The security of the compound is because of the way that hemoglobin has a 200â€250 occasions higher fondness for carbon monoxide than it has for oxygen. Along these lines, the oxygen-conveying limit of the hemoglobin is decreased, restricting oxygen gracefully to cells and tissues. The ailments brought about by restricted oxygen in the blood incorporate cardiovascular sickness, stroke, and circulatory issues. Tar then again, amasses in the lung, causing the aggravation of the mucous film of the bronchi, the trachea, and the bronchioles, harms the lungs, decreases the size of the aviation route. Smoke hence meddles with the working of the respiratory framework and causes ceaseless bronchitis and tireless hack. Tar additionally harms the cilia on the upper segments of the respiratory framework and expands mucus creation. At long last, the synthetic compounds in smoke harm the lungs, lessen lung surface region and influence the alveoli’s’ usefulness. Lung malignancy, Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD), mouth and throat malignancy, and expanded asthma manifestations are the other respiratory impacts of smoking (National Cancer Institute, 2008). ... One of the systems by which smoking prompts raised CO2 levels in the blood is that the hurtful synthetic substances in the smoke harms the alveoli of the lungs. This harm infers that the CO2 framed in different pieces of the body and shipped to the lungs for disposal isn't effectively wiped out at the alveoli surfaces, prompting expanded degrees of CO2 in the blood. How Smoking Affects other Organ Systems Besides the respiratory framework, smoking influences other organ frameworks, for example, the circulatory framework. In this framework, smoking causes the blood thickening, blockages and narrowing of veins, expanded dangers of strokes and coronary failures, expanded circulatory strain, palpitations. These conditions cause different diseases that may require systems, for example, removal. The sensory system and the cerebrum are additionally influenced by tobacco smoking, which diminishes oxygen gracefully to the mind as hemoglobin consolidates with carbon monoxide. The typical worki ng of the CNS is influenced as fragile nerve endings are harms and blood flexibly meddled with (The New York Times, 2002). Moreover, smoking causes consideration deficiency and memory issues. The safe framework is additionally influenced by the tobacco poisons that enter the body by means of smoking with the goal that the working of the white platelets is impeded. In this manner, the body gets helpless against diseases. The conceptive framework is additionally not saved by smoking, which may cause erectile brokenness, impotency, sterility, menopause, and low weight births. Connecting Cellular Respiration with the Respiratory System The relationship between's cell breath and the respiratory framework is fairly clear. For example, short cell breath in the lungs,

The Six Rights of Medication Administration Sample Essay

The Six Rights of Medication Administration Sample Essay The safety and security of a human’s life depend on following the six rights of medication administration. Every nurse should learn how to prepare and administer the medications no matter what kind of policy or what procedures he or she has to follow. These six rights are the right drug, dose, route, time, patient, and documentation. Knowing this info is essential for nursing practice as it influences the quality of life of the patients. The right drug is the one which label has been checked three times. One of the checks includes looking at the expiration date. What can this right influence if not followed? What can make a nurse forget about this right? Despite the fact that the answer to the first question is obvious, there are cases when the check is not performed. The most common reason for this is being exhausted. If the management of the hospital doesn’t stick to the laws that define a number of working hours, the safety of patients’ lives is questionable. The right dose can save someone’s life while the wrong one can lead even to death. What can make a nurse give the patient the wrong dose? A wrong prescription made by the doctor or the wrong interpretation of it will lead to taking an inadequate dosage of the drug. This happens when there’s a huge flow of patients in periods of epidemic. If this happens on a regular basis, the management of the hospital should conduct the investigation to find out the initial reason for this. The right time defines the efficiency of the drug that the patient takes. Each drug has some peculiarities that a nurse should keep in mind. There are two categories of drugs such as that are taking at a specific time of day or night and the ones that are taken on a call. The goal of the nurse is to set the notifications the way the process of providing the drugs to the patients could be efficient. The right patient is the right person whom the nurse should give the drug. If the nurse gives the drug to another person, the consequences of this action can be negative. The reason for doing this can be laziness of the personnel or the illusion of good relationships between the nurse and the patient. In the first case, the management of the hospital should take care of this. In the second case, the nurse should check the data using the MAR, the information band of the patient and ask the patient to say the name and the date of birth. The right documentation and route are the points that are mostly ignored by the nurses. This can lead to unexpected consequences in both cases. If the medicine is supposed to be taken through the injection, all the other ways are considered as wrong ones. A harmful impact causes inevitable results. The right documentation can prevent any further mistakes regarding prescribing and taking drugs in the future. Knowing and sticking to 6 rights of administration will lower the chance to make a medical error in any situation with any patient. These rights seem unimportant and sometimes they become annoying especially if there’s a big number of patients. The nurse can influence positively or negatively on the outcome of the disease, so ignoring the rights shouldn’t be treated as a normal common practice.

Utilitarianism Vs Libertarianism Utilitarianism And...

In one of the courses I am currently enrolled, â€Å"Social Justice† our class spend copious amount of days talking about Utilitarianism and Libertarianism. These are two important theory’s that have been discussed for a very long time. These are two philosophies that elaborates how the citizen pleases to live by. Utilitarianism and Libertarianism may have similar things in common but at the same time they are very distinguishable. The Utilitarianism theory tries to maximize the happiness of the community and minimize the pain over all. On the other hand, Libertarianism focus on individual rights. They strive for freedom. As many may know that Utilitarianism and Libertarianism are two well-known theories wither it have been discussed in your†¦show more content†¦Being that Utilitarianism supports a free market economy, then owners of stores or when worldwide business are able to alter the price of whatever they please. In another word, it’s just like a m onopoly to a certain extend. A monopoly is when there is no competing when it comes to markets. For example, if Apple I-phones was the only types of phone in the United Stated then the people would not have an option but to purchase that phone. This intertwines with Utilitarianism because any business can raise the prices of the items in their store. The example that Sandel used in his novel, â€Å"Stores that normally sold small household generators for $250 were now asking $2,000† (Sandel 2009). Just because there is a storm and hurricane the companies that are in charge of generators, hotels or roof repairs can charge whatever they please. The second philosophy that will be mention is, Libertarianism. This theory focuses on individual rights, common currency of value, free market and most important collective happiness. Libertarianism believe that there is no such thing as redistribution of wealth. It is not morally right to resell or taunt with incomes, land reform or ta xation. They also believe that the government knows what right for the people. In the novel Sandel mentioned, â€Å"Taxing the rich to help the poor is not morally correct, it violates their right to do what they want with the things they own† (Sandel 2009). Many rich individuals mayShow MoreRelatedIntra And Inter Generational Equity2057 Words   |  9 Pagestaste. While Parfit (1997) and Weston (2012) discusses Utilitarian vs. egalitarian concepts; Narveson (Gabor, 2013) argues that principle of maximum happiness for the greatest number of persons is at odds with any duty to increase the population, regardless of circumstances. Furthermore, there is a duty not to bring children to life if the misery of future children can be foreseen, considering that, according to utilitarianism, nothing else matters more than the amount of benefits or injuries thatRead MoreHuman Experience Reflection1445 Words   |  6 Pagessystematic ways of deciding what is just and unjust. Each of the readings helped me look at situations with different perspectives to analyze a problem that must be addressed, like poverty. From these readings, I have learned that the belief of what is right vs wrong is situational and systematic ways of justice cannot be constant across all situations. The philosophies of justice we read can each be deemed correct or incorrect dependin g on the perspective of the situation. For example, this semester weRead MorePrinciples of Microeconomics Fifth Canadian Edition20085 Words   |  81 Pagesand Applications 412 Income Inequality around the World 438 The Poverty Rate 439 Problems in Measuring Inequality 440 Economic Mobility 442 IN THE NEWS: Child Poverty 443 The Political Philosophy of Redistributing Income 444 Utilitarianism 444 Liberalism 445 Libertarianism 446 Policies to Reduce Poverty 447 Minimum-Wage Laws 448 Welfare 448 Negative Income Tax 449 In-Kind Transfers 449 Employment Insurance 450 IN THE NEWS: EI and Work Incentives Conclusion 452 Summary 453 Key Concepts 453 Questions

A Biographical Sketch of William Morris Davis

William Morris Davis is often called the Father of American Geography for his work in not only helping to establish geography as an academic discipline but also for his advancement of physical geography and the development of geomorphology. Life and Career Davis was born in Philadelphia in 1850. At the age of 19, he earned his bachelors degree from Harvard University and one year later earned his Masters degree in engineering. Davis then spent three years working at Argentinas meteorological observatory and subsequently returned to Harvard to study geology and physical geography. In 1878, Davis was appointed an instructor in physical geography at Harvard and by 1885 became a full professor. Davis continued to teach at Harvard until his retirement in 1912. Following his retirement, he occupied several visiting scholar positions at universities across the United States. Davis died in Pasadena, California in 1934. Geography William Morris Davis was very excited about the discipline of geography; he worked hard to increase its recognition. In the 1890s, Davis was an influential member of a committee that helped to establish geography standards in the public schools. Davis and the committee felt that geography needed to be treated as a general science in primary and secondary schools and these ideas were adopted. Unfortunately, after a decade of the new geography, it slipped back to being rote knowledge of place names and eventually disappeared into the bowels of social studies. Davis also helped to build geography up at the university level. In addition to training some of Americas foremost geographers of the twentieth century (such as Mark Jefferson, Isaiah Bowman, and Ellsworth Huntington), Davis helped to found the Association of American Geographers (AAG). Recognizing the need for an academic organization composed of academics trained in geography, Davis met with other geographers and formed the AAG in 1904. Davis served as the AAGs first president in 1904 and was reelected in 1905, and ultimately served a third term in 1909. Though Davis was very influential in the development of geography as a whole, he is probably best known for his work in geomorphology. Geomorphology Geomorphology is the study of the earths landforms. William Morris Davis founded this subfield of geography. Though at his time the traditional idea of the development of landforms was through the great biblical flood, Davis and others began to believe that other factors were responsible for shaping the earth. Davis developed a theory of landform creation and erosion, which he called the geographical cycle. This theory is more commonly known as the cycle of erosion, or more properly, the geomorphic cycle. His theory explained that mountains and landforms are created, mature, and then become old. He explained that the cycle begins with the uplift of mountains. Rivers and streams begin to create V-shaped valleys among the mountains (the stage called youth). During this first stage, the relief is steepest and most irregular. Over time, the streams are able to carve wider valleys (maturity) and then begin to meander, leaving only gently rolling hills (old age). Finally, all that is left is a flat, level plain at the lowest elevation possible (called the base level.) This plain was called by Davis a peneplain, which means almost a plain for a plain is actually a completely flat surface). Then, rejuvenation occurs and there is another uplift of mountains and the cycle continues. Though Davis theory is not entirely accurate, it was quite revolutionary and outstanding at its time and helped to modernize physical geography and create the field of geomorphology. The real world is not quite as orderly as Davis cycles and,  certainly, erosion occurs during the uplift process. However, Davis message was communicated quite well to other scientists through the excellent sketches and illustrations that were included in Davis publications. In all, Davis published over 500 works though he never earned his Ph.D. Davis was certainly one of the greatest academic geographers of the century. He is not only responsible for that which he accomplished during his lifetime, but also for the outstanding work done across geography by his disciples.

Tv Advertising and Consumer Buying Behavior Free Essays

string(156) " to be used by the family, family communication structure and patterns and parents perception of children’s influence in family purchase decision making\." ABSTRACT Children are important in the family, they make a family complete and they influence a number of decisions made in the family. Children have occupied a big segment in the marketplace, there are more products produced and directed at them. The importance of children in purchase decision making has grown over the years. We will write a custom essay sample on Tv Advertising and Consumer Buying Behavior or any similar topic only for you Order Now They not only make purchase decisions for personal consumption but they also influence family purchase decision-making (Kaur and Singh, 2006). However, nearly all studies are based in the western context, like US and Europe. There are few studies focused on the African context, especially in Nigeria. As a result of this, it is important to examine how they influence the decision to purchase products for family consumption. The typology of family communication patterns and social power theory will be used for this study. The study will employ qualitative research using questionnaire to elicit detailed explanation of children’s influence in family purchase decision. Children between the ages 8-13 years are the focus of this research. Key words: family decision-making, children’s role in family decision making, typology of family communication patterns, social power theory. 1. 0 INTRODUCTION Children are important in the family, they make a family complete and they influence a number of decisions made in the family. Today children are not only passive observers but they have taken a considerable place in the families and have a significant influence on parental buying decisions and they have occupied a big segment in the marketplace. Children are consumers in their own right; there are more products produced and directed at them. Because of a growing awareness of the role children play in family decision making on family purchases other than toys and cereals, as well as a realisation that the influence of children in family decision making appears to have grown significantly over the past two decades (Sellers, 1989 as cited by Ekasasi, 2005), increasing attention is being given to children and their role in family decision making (Foxman and Patriya, 1989). There is no doubt that children establish a significant marketing zone and today they have a more important place in the society than their parents ever had. They are not only consumers but have emotional involvement direct or indirect on parents buying decisions. This trend of increased influence appears to emanate from a number of factors, including the greater affluence enjoyed by many households, higher consumer socialisation of children, product type, and the increasing independence given to children due to dual income families and higher divorce rates. Several researchers have also demonstrated how children have been â€Å"socialised to act as consumers† (Kaur and Singh, 2006). Family (parents and siblings), peers, and media are main socialising agents for children wherein family type, parental style and patterns of communication play important roles. However, most of the studies are based on the western context and there are very few studies focusing on Africa, particularly Nigeria due to which this research will be undertaken. As a result of this, it is important to examine how children influence the decision to purchase products in the family in Nigeria. 1. 2 STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM Family as a consuming and decision making unit is a central phenomenon in marketing and consumer behaviour. Earlier, research had only focused on the husband and wife’s role where children’s role was ignored (Commuri and Gentry, 2000 as cited by Kaur and Singh, 2006). The importance of children in purchase decision making has grown over the years. It is seen that children not only influence family purchase decision but they also insist their parents purchase the products they desire (Kaur and Singh, 2006). Children’s influence differs depending on the product category and decision-making stage. Age and gender of the children also have a major impact on decision stage and the product category. The role that children play in family decision- making has directed the researchers to study the influence of children. Several researchers have also demonstrated how children have been â€Å"socialised to act as consumers† (Kaur and Singh, 2006). However, most of the studies are based on the western context and there are very few studies focusing on Africa, particularly Nigeria due to which this research will be undertaken. Since Nigerian society vastly differs from the west in terms of family composition, family type and structure, norms, values, and behaviour, it is important to understand children’s influence in the purchase decision making in families in the Nigerian context. The buying power of children in Nigeria will be different compared to the western countries, but still they play the key role in Nigerian families. Children influence family as well as individual purchase decisions. For this reason, detailed study will be done on children’s influence in family purchase decision in Nigeria. . 3 RESEARCH QUESTIONS 1. Does parent-child communication affect the way a child contributes in family decision making process? 2. What strategies do children use in influencing family product purchase? 3. At what decision making process stage do children have more influence in the family? 4. How do parents respond to children’s attempt to influence decisions on products for family consum ption? 5. How frequently do children attempt to influence purchasing decisions on products for family consumption? 4. OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY The primary objective of this study is to examine the roles performed by children in family purchase decisions with regard to children and family related products and to explore children’s influence in family decision making process in the Nigerian context. However, the specific objectives are: to understand the family communication structure and its influence on a child as a consumer; to examine the decision making process and the stage children have the most influence; and to examine parents’ perception of the role children play in family purchase decision-making. . 5 SCOPE OF THE STUDY This study will focus on children’s influence on decision making process in the family as it relates to the purchase of products to be used by the family, family communication structure and patterns and parents perception of children’s influence in family purchase decision making. You read "Tv Advertising and Consumer Buying Behavior" in category "Papers" 1. 6 SIGNIFICANC E OF THE STUDY Family is the basic unit where most individuals learn about product categories and how to consume it. So, understanding family buying behavior is very important. It used to be that husband and wife hold dominant influence in family decision-making process. However, now, their role is changing. Today, children’s role in family decision-making process is also significant. As children are an integral part of the marketplace, this study would help manufacturers of family products, marketers and advertisers to understand the place of a child in the family. Their influence relates to a wide variety of products needed by their family and not just to the items that directly relate to their need. This means that, to market successfully to the family, advertisers must understand children’s role in the decision making process in the family. The result of this research will aid advertisers to better position products to win the hearts of children who will eventually influence their parents buying decision. 2. 0 LITERATURE REVIEW This section is to review what past studies has found on the influence children have on purchase decision in the family. 2. 1 FAMILY DECISION MAKING The family is a major influence in the consumer behavior process. As the basic group, which an individual belongs, the family provides early childhood learning about products and product categories, provides the opportunity for product exposure and repetition, and sets the consumption unit, the family members. As a major consumption unit the family is a prime target for most products and product categories (Schiffman Kanuk, 1983). Loudon Della (1993) as cited by Ekasasi (2005) define the family as a group of two or more persons related by blood, marriage, or adoption and residing together as a household. A number of different types of family exist. The nuclear family consists of a husband, a wife, and their offspring. The extended family consists of the nuclear family plus other relatives, such as parents of the husband or wife. There is also the detached nuclear family structure which has characteristics as follows: free choice of mates, higher levels of divorce, increased residential mobility, entry of large numbers of women into the labour force, and lower responsibility of children to care for their parents in their old age (Mowen, 1995 in Ekasasi, 2005). During the course of everyday living, thousands of decisions are made by family members. The husband and wife are clearly the dominant influences in family decision-making. Most studies have focused on their role in decision-making and the dominance on their role in decision-making and the dominance of one or the other. The relative influence of the husband and the wife is likely to vary according to the type of product considered, the stage in decision making, the nature of purchase influence, and family characteristics (Assael 1992). In the process of family decision-making, there are three stages: initiation, make choice and final decision. Initiation is the process whereby a family member proposes a suggestion and ideas. Making choice is the second stage. Family members search and compare different alternatives. The final stage is the buying decision process. The child has been regarded as an initiator in family decision-making. When a particular product has been chosen as a candidate in the second stage, the product has greater chance to be sold. 2. 2 CHILDREN’S INFLUENCE IN FAMILY DECISION MAKING Family decision- making research was initially directed to spouses, however the role of children on decision making and negotiation strategies had become an important issue of study (Kaur and Singh, 2006). Children not only enjoy making regular consumption decisions with their parents but they also insist their parents to buy the products they desire. The family as a purchasing unit is a central phenomenon in consumer behavior. Researchers have studied how a family makes a purchase decision for many years but most of the ‘families’ studied only comprised the husband and wife (Davis, 1976 in Kaur and Singh, 2006). However, family decisions are influenced by every member of the family, which means how a family makes decisions will not be well examined unless every member’s influence is taken into account; children inclusive. Children’s influence in family purchase decisions and the spending power of children have increased over the last 40 years (Shoham and Dalakas, 2005). After Berey and Polly (1968) as cited by Kaur Singh (2006) detected child’s influence in family decision making, there was an increasing recognition of children’s important role with the increasing influence of children in family decision making. Usually, children influence parental purchases in the shopping environment, at home, in the car, at the movies, during television viewing, on vacation, at mealtime, even in church. The influence that children have on parental purchases is extensive and principally embraces the following areas (McNeal 1999): 1. Items for the children, including snacks, toys, consumer electronics, clothing, and hobbies equipment and supplies. 2. Items for the home, including furnishings, television sets, stereo systems, and foods and beverages for meals. 3. Non-household items for family members, including vacations, automobiles, clothing, restaurant meals, and recreation. In addition to these three groups, there are others that are more difficult to classify. They include family gifts to the children’s grandparents and family donations to charities. Also, children often influence the parent’s choice of stores and shopping centers. According to Ramzy, T. Ogden, R. Ogden and Zakaria (2012) children’s purchasing power can be direct, money controlled by the child, or indirect, relating to parental purchases that the child initiates or influences. Children influence family buying decisions in four different ways. First, children influence their parents to buy products for their individual preferences. Second, older children have their own pocket money and buy the products directly. Third, children influence their parents’ choice for family products for shared consumption. Lastly, children influence their parents’ own preferences. Children exert a certain influence on the overall decision process (Wut and Chou 2009). Geuens, Mast and Pelsmacker (2002) discovered that children can have active or passive influence on purchase decision. Active influence means that the child wants to influence purchase decisions in a direct way by recommending, hinting and/or asking for things (McNeal, 1999). Passive dictation, on the other hand, means that parents are influenced by what they experience their children prefer or need (Wells, 1965). A mother experiencing that her toddler enjoys a specific meal will be more increased to buy or cook this particular food again (Mehrotra and Torges, 1977 as cited by Wut and Chou, 2009). Passive influence is mostly unconscious and as a consequence difficult to observe and measure. Various researchers have revealed that a number of factors play a substantial role on children’s influence on parents buying decisions across different product categories. Berey Pollay (1968, as cited by Kaur Singh 2006) studied mother-child dyads in purchase of break- fast cereals and found that in most of the products parents are intermediary purchasing agents for children. In such situations children’s influence on parent’s purchase decisions is governed by two factors as children’s assertiveness and parent’s child centeredness. The study showed that more assertive the child or more children cantered the mother is, more probable the mother will buy the child desired brands. The research also revealed that mother’s act as gatekeepers and bought products that weighed high in nutrition. In general children exert more influence on products for which they are primary consumers (Lee and Beauty 2002). In recent years, family structures have changed considerably. We have single parents, two parents with one source of income, dual income families and higher divorce rates. Geuens, Mast and Pelsmacker (2002) examined the impact of new family structures (single versus one parent, two versus one income, high versus low working hours, small versus large size) on children’s influence on family purchase decision-making. The increase of children’s influence on parents buying decisions in most of the developed countries can be attributed to various reasons. First; increase in number of working couple resulting in to cash rich and time poor society and hence increasing the influence of children on parents; second, the shift in the family setup from joint families to nuclear families, allowing the influence of children on parents buying decisions; third, lesser number of children per family, resulting in increase in the buying power of each; fourth, the repeated exposure to media resulting in socialization of children which in turn result in to children influence on parents buying decisions etc. Wimalasiry (2004). Williams and Burns (2000) explained that changing social trends such as working mothers, decreased and delayed childbearing, increased divorce rates, and rapid maturation have given way to a formidable market force for children. They developed a scale based on social power theory to measure children’s direct influence attempts. The seven dimensions derived to represent direct influence attempt were ask nicely, bargain, show affection, just ask, beg and plead, show anger, and con. In this study, these dimensions will be utilized to measure the direct influence of children. . 3 THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK Two theories are proposed to guide this study. They are the typology of family communication patterns and social power theory. 2. 3. 1 TYPOLOGY OF FAMILY COMMUNICATION PATTERNS The typology of parent-child communication structures and patterns was developed by McLeod and Chaffee (1972) and this typology utilizes Newcomb’s (1953) co-orientation model. Together, the two dimensio ns of family communication structure yielded a four-fold typology of family communication patterns: laissez-faire, protective, pluralistic, and consensual. McLeod and Chaffee (1972) identified two dimensions of parent-child communications dimensions. These dimensions are the degree of social orientation and degree of concept orientation. Social Orientation: The communications in families with a high social orientation are designed to produce obedience from the child and foster family harmony. Concept Orientation: The communications in families with a high concept orientation are designed to encourage openness and foster an independent outlook. Laissez-faire families emphasize neither of the two dimensions and there is little communication between parents and children. Protective families emphasize the socio-orientation dimension, stressing obedience and social harmony, and are not concerned with conceptual matters. Conversely, Pluralistic families tend to stress the concept-orientation dimension, with an emphasis being placed on mutuality of respects and interest. Children are encouraged to explore new ideas and to express them openly without fear of reprisal. Finally, consensual families stress both the socio- and concept orientation dimensions, and children are encouraged to explore the world about them but to do so without disrupting the family’s established internal social harmony. A parent with a high socio-orientation believes that children should respect him/her, should suppress opinions on areas not pertaining to them, that children should avoid disagreements with parents and be obedient (Moschis Moore 1978). Parents with this type of communication orientation tend to control their child’s consumption-related learning (Moschis Moore 1979). A high concept-orientation means that parents encourage children to evaluate different alternatives when making decisions. Children in this orientation are allowed to discuss disagreements with parents and to develop their own consumer skills. They are also asked by their parents about purchase decisions even if the product is not directly for the child. According to Moschis and Mitchell (1986), children from families with a high social orientation are less likely to be involved in family decisions and less likely to make consumption-related decisions for themselves. Conversely, children from families with a high concept orientation are likely to have higher product knowledge, better able to manage a family budget and have a higher regard for their parents’ opinions. 2. 3. 2 SOCIAL POWER THEORY Social power theory examines power bases in social interactions. The concept of social power was initially introduced by Lewin (1951) and later developed theoretically by French and Raven (1959). Social power theory is an appropriate theoretical framework from which to study children’s direct influence attempts for several reasons. First, social power theory identifies the bases of power which are present in social interactions. These sources of power may include expertise, reward power, referent power, legitimate power, and coercion. These five bases are considered by French and Raven (1959) to be the most important resources utilized by a person, but not an all-inclusive list of potential resources. Further, social power theory suggests that a person will make an assessment of his or her resources and choose an influence attempt that is consistent with his or her sources of social power. In addition, the theory suggests that these power bases may be utilized in two ways: active (i. e. , direct) or passive (i. e. , indirect). When the utilization of power to influence is active, or the result of an intentional act, a direct influence attempt is exerted. In relation to influence and power evidence exists that children exert varying degrees of influence on the family decision-making process. This influence varies by product, decision stage, child, parental and family characteristics but are not properly researched. Social power theory is useful in explaining differences in children’s influence on purchases and distinguishes between influence derived from active and passive power, compatible with direct and indirect influence. Power bases pertinent to exercising influence include: expert (e. g. children possess detailed knowledge about toys, games etc. ; legitimate (e. g. children and products they consume including food, toys and clothing); referent (identifying with peers); reward (children exhibiting good behaviour) and coercive power (e. g. children threatening negative or bothersome behaviour, complaining or even pestering) (Flurry and Burns, 2005). Furthermore, social power theory further suggests the five power bases may be utilised in two ways: actively and passively. Power used to influence is an active and intentional action; passive, when the mere presence of power is influential. Both contribute to a person’s potential to direct a preferential outcome. 3. 0 METHODOLOGY This section comprises of the research design, population, sample size, sampling technique, research instrument to be employed, method of data collection and analysis to be employed. 3. 1 RESEARCH DESIGN This study will employ descriptive survey because the role children play in influencing family purchase decision will be described. It will also be a cross-sectional study as children’s influence will be examined from the children as well as the parents’ point of view. Since the research aims at understanding children’s influence in family purchase decision, the views of the children will be essential for this study and to get a balanced view, the views of the parents will also be important, especially mothers. This study will employ questionnaire and in-depth interview as methods of collecting primary data. 3. 2 POPULATION The study will be located in Ibadan metropolis in Oyo State, South West Nigeria. Ibadan is majorly populated by the Yoruba people, but its population has always been ethnically mixed and is becoming increasingly so. Ibadan houses one of Africa’s premier universities, the University of Ibadan, which lends its economy a significant intellectual, professional and artistic profile. There are 11 Local Governments in Ibadan metropolitan area consisting of 5 urban local governments in the city and 6 semi-urban local governments. This study will be limited to one urban and one semi-urban local government which are Ibadan North-West and Ido local government respectively. One government-owned secondary school; one private secondary school will be randomly selected from the list of Secondary Schools in the two local government areas for this study. . 3 SAMPLE SIZE AND SAMPLING TECHNIQUE A multi – stage sampling procedure will be used for this study. At first six schools will be randomly selected from a list of public and private secondary schools in Ibadan North West as well as in Ido Local Government Areas of Oyo State respectively. Then, the balloting system will be used to choose one schoo l for the public secondary school and for the private secondary school in the two local government areas respectively. Going by the assumption that 25 pupils are meant to be in a class, a class of J. S. S 1, 2 and 3 students of a school will be the respondents for this study. This will be 75 respondents per school, making the number of respondents to be 150 altogether. The J. S. S 1, 2 and J. S. S 3 students will be used because they fall within the age range that this study would be focusing on, which is between the ages of 8 and 13 and also because they should be more matured than those in the primary school that also falls within this age range.. 3. 4 RESEARCH INSTRUMENT Questionnaire and in-depth interview will be used for this study. The questionnaire will be in two sections; the first section will be addressed to the children while the second section will be filled by the parents, specifically mothers. This section is specifically to ask the mother to indicate demographic characteristics of the child; including his/her birthday and sex of the child and to find out how they perceive the role their children play in family purchase decision. This information will be used to match the parent’s responses to responses given by the child. The questionnaire will be given to respondents to take home to their parents. The interview will be for the teachers of the respective schools to be used to ascertain the schools’ demography. 3. 5 METHOD OF DATA COLLECTION This will involve qualitative method. The headteachers or class teachers of these four schools will be requested to distribute the questionnaires to a class of J. S. S 1, 2 and J. S. S 3 students at the schools. 3. 6 METHOD OF DATA ANALYSIS The method of data analysis will involve quantitative and qualitative methods. For quantitative method, univariate and bivariate tabulation methods will be used for the analysis. REFERENCES Ali A. and Batra D. K. (2011) Children influence on parents buying decisions in Delhi (India) European Journal of Business and Management (Online) Vol. 3 (11), 19-28 Davis, H. L. 1976), Decision making within the household, Journal of Consumer Research, Vol. 2, March, 241-60. Ekasasi S. R. (2005) The Role of Children in Family Decision Making: A Theoretical Review, Edisi Khusus Jsb on Marketing, Volume 3, 25 – 41 Foxman E and Patriya S. T. (1989) Adolescents and Mothers Perceptions of Relative Influence in Family Decisions: Patterns of Agreement and Disagreement Advances in Consumer Research , 449-453. Geuens M. , Mast G. and Pelsmacker P. (2002) Children’s Influence on Family Purchase Behavior: The Role of Family Structure, Asia Pacific Advances in Consumer Research Volume 5, 130-135 Hall J, Shaw M, Johnson M. and Oppenheim P. (1995) Influence of Children on Family Consumer Decision-Making, European Advances in Consumer Research Volume 2, 45-53 Kaur, P and Singh, R (2006) „Children In Family Purchase Decision Making In India and the West: A Review. Academy of Marketing Science Review Vol. 2006 (8), 1-30 Lee, C. K. C. and Beatty, S. E (2002) Family Structure and Influence in Family Decision Making Journal of Consumer Marketing Vol. 19 (1), 4-41 McNeal, J. ; Ji, M. (1999) Chinese children as consumers: an analysis of their new product information sources Journal of Consumer Marketing Vol. 6(4), 345-364 Mikkelsen M. R. and Norgaard M. K (2012) Children’s Influence on Family Decision-Making in Food Buying and Consumption International Journal of Multidisciplinary Research Vol. 2 (5), 1-23 Moschis G. P, Prahasto A. E and Mitchell L. G (1986) Family Communication Influences on the Development of Consumer Behavior: Some Additional Findings Advances in Consu mer Research Volume 13, 365-369 Moschis G. P and Mitchell L. G (1986) Television Advertising and Interpersonal Influences on Teenagers’ Participation in Family Consumer Decisions Advances in Consumer Research Volume 13, 181-186 Nash C. (2009) The Parent Child Purchase Relationship Academy of Marketing Science Review Volume 8, 1-30 North E. J. and Kotze T. (2001) Parents and television advertisements as consumer socialisation agents for adolescents: An exploratory study Journal of Family Ecology and Consumer Sciences, Vol. 29, 92-99 Ramzy O. , Ogden D. T. , Ogden J. R. and Zakaria M. Y. (2012) Perceptions of Children’s Influence on Purchase Decisions – Empirical Investigation for the U. S. and Egyptian Families World Journal of Management Vol. 4 (1) March, 30 – 50 Ward, S. and Wackman, D. B (1972) Children’s Purchase Influence Attempts and Parental Influence Attempts and Parental Yielding, Journal of Marketing Research, Vol. 9, 316-319. Williams L. A. and Burns A. C. (2000) Exploring the Dimensionality of Children’s Direct Influence Attempts Advances in Consumer Research Volume 27, 64-71 Wut T. M. and Chou T. J. (2009) Children’s influences on family decision making in Hong Kong Young Consumers Vol. 10 (2), 146-156 Wut T. M. and Chou T. J. (2009) Family Communication Patterns and Children’s influence on Family Decision Making ANZMAC, 1-7 How to cite Tv Advertising and Consumer Buying Behavior, Papers

Corporations Law Hospitality and Catering

Question: Write about theCorporations Lawfor Hospitality and Catering. Answer: In the instant case there is family consisting of two couples, Thomas and Hillary and their children, Jackie and Karl. They plan to open a modest boutique hotel named as The Happy Hills. In order to do so they decided to convert their family home into a hotel. The couples were joint tenants of the family home. The entire family were qualified in the field of hospitality and catering and were confident of their success. The present issue deals with the decision regarding the kind of structure they should choose with respect to their business. The most suitable form of business would be partnership business. They would need very less capital to start the business. They would not have to deal with much hassle in securing funds for the business[1]. They will be able to keep the reins of the management in their own hand. The entire family will be able to contribute their own funds and in case the business becomes profitable they will be able to share the profits as per their contribution. There are various advantages of having a partnership business. The fact that there are many people managing would ensure that the business is run in a proper manner. The risks would be spread equally. In case any member of the family falls sick the others would be able to manage the business in a proper manner[2]. The start up costs would be less. The pressure of pooling the capital would be evenly distributed. In the long run they will be able to increase their funding by bringing in more partners. This would bring in flexibility in the business and make the prospect of growth bright. This would also mean that in case profits would be earned the amount would increase and the shares would also increase. The biggest advantage of having a partnership form of business is that the formation process is simple and lacks complexity. The regulations are lenient compared to companies. The laws are simpler to adhere. The partners would have their own say in the business. In the absence of shareholders they would receive less interference and would not be answerable to anyone. The management of the business would be very flexible and in the presence of fewer partners disputes would be solved in an easy manner[3]. All the family members will be able to contribute their ideas in the decision making process. In case there was only one owner the decision making process would be problematic. Since the responsibilities are split among many partners, the company would be benefited with their abilities[4]. Other than splitting the financial burden they will also be able to split the work as per their skills. For example if one family member is good at book keeping the other might have expertise in mar keting and sales. However there are certain problems which might arise in partnership business. There are chances of disagreements between the family members. They might have different ideas of running the business. They would disagree on deciding their responsibilities and deciding as to issues that would best suit the business. In case disagreements ensue the impact could be negative and harmful for the business[5]. This would impact upon the relationship of the partners. Thus they should draft a partnership deed while forming the business. This will ensure that all the members are aware of the procedures and policies which are present and applicable in case there are disagreements and disputes. They will also be able to determine procedure of dissolving the partnership if the problems subsist. The flexibility of a partnership business is somewhat less compared to sole proprietorship business. The freedoms are less in terms of management of the business. In case financial liabilities arise, the risk will be equally distributed among the partners. This will happen if the partnership is general in nature. The family had been advised that they should carry on the business under their own name. If they intend to carry on the business under the name of The Happy Hills they would have to follow certain procedures as per law. Thus they have to approach the Australian Securities and Investments Commission (ASIC) for the procedure. Initially they have to provide details of their names and that they are partners of the partnership business[6]. The type of information that they are going to provide will depend on the type of entity the person registering is. If the person registering is acting as an individual, he or she has to provide personal information. This may include details of birth and residential address. If the registration is being done in the name of a company or registered body, the details of the ACN or the ARBN are to be provided. The ASIC will derive the rest of the information from the Australian Business Register as well as from the companies register of the ASIC. If the reg istering partner is an incorporated body not having an ACN or ARBN, the ASIC will require the partner to appoint an organisation who will represent the partner. The commission also asks for mentioning the email addresses of each of the partners[7]. These email addresses are to be used for notifying the partner in case they receive requests for cancelling the business name. In case the partner is an incorporated entity they will not be required to forward nay details of the holder. In case the partner is a single individual, aspects like date and place of birth will have to be provided. The birth details will act as proof of identity of the partner. These details will not be displayed in the public register for confidentiality purposes. The details of residential address will be used for administrative and legal enforcement purposes. Business names are essential for legal recognition and if they are absent it is mandatory[8]. Thus the following procedures should be kept in mind by the family if they intend to run the business under their chosen name. In the present issue Hillary seeks advice as to how disputes and disagreements in regard to business decisions can be resolved. Partnership business is a convenient way of doing business. Since there are already four heads in the business it has a better prospect compared to sole proprietorship business. These kinds of collaborations are present in many kinds of businesses. This structure is usually followed in case firms and start-ups delivering professional services. It is true however that disputes and disagreements in relation to business decision making and they are problematic in nature[9]. Such issues may impact the personal relationships of the partners. Thus there are ways by which disputes in a partnership business can be avoided. For that the partners should put in time, money, effort and patience throughout the process of dispute resolution. Thus certain ways can be followed by which disputes can be resolved and the partnership will not be damaged. Initially the family should make sure that a written or typed partnership deed is made. The agreement in such cases can be either operating agreement or partnership agreement. This will depend on the nature of business they are carrying. Certain aspects should be clearly mentioned within the partnership deed or agreement. There should be mention of the people who are controlling the business and their degree of control. The role and job of each partner should be mentioned. The duties and obligations of each partner should also be clearly mentioned. The capital contributions of the partners should be mentioned as well the nature of the contributions. In case additional capital inflow is required, the method of utilising them should be included in the agreement. The compensations should be decided upon and how they will be distributed should be mentioned[10]. The agreement will contain the policies and procedures that will be adopted by the business and used for decision making. There should also be mention of contingent and emergency situations. This may include cases of conflicts, situations where a partner can withdraw from the business, removal of the partners and co founders etc. Provisions will also have to be made as to change in the percentage of ownership when existing partners or new partners bring in more money to the business. The partners have to determine the circumstances under which the partnership relationship or the business can be terminated and ended[11]. Disputes usually arise in partnership businesses when the agreements do not contain clear information and is unable to provide the correct guidance to the partners. This creates more confusion and conflict. Hence it is important that maximum details and information is provided within the agreement. The agreement will provide procedures in case complex issues arise regarding dispute resolution. Conversations and negotiations are very helpful methods of resolving disputes. In case disputes and disagreements arise the family members should decide upon a specific time for discussions. It is not necessary that the discussions are made during the work as it would become unproductive and cumbersome for the business. In the present case scenario the issue is a complex one. The daughter of the couple takes the initiative of executing a plan with for converting the family kitchen according to an industrial layout. The purpose was to cater to more number of customers. The kitchen appliances of industrial nature were ordered from Appliance City in the name of The Happy Hills. The deal was lucrative for the hotel business as they were allowed a healthy discount. However the problem or issue arose when the seller tried to cancel the contract on the ground that the business does not have any existence. The manager of Appliance City claimed that the contract was void due to the non existence of the business. Thus, in order to enforce the contract they have to prove certain things to the seller i.e. Appliance City. As per law it is important for any business to register their business name in Australia. This would enable the partnership firm or business to trade under the business name. The registration of business name will enable the potential customers to have a valid and meaningful connection with the brand and the business. A business name will also help the establishment to be differentiated from the competitors[12]. On registering the business, the application of the registration will be across Australia and will not be restricted to the state only. When the business name gets registered, transparency increases. The customers are facilitated to access the information regarding the identity of the people who are running the business. It is important for the family to check with the ASIC to make sure that their business name is not registered by some other person[13]. It is also esse ntial that they should contact IP Australia to make sure that the business name does not have any registration under a trademark or other intellectual property. If the trademark exists and the family still continues to use the business name they may be sued for infringing the trademark. It is also important that a written partnership agreement is made[14]. The agreement should be registered. The agreement will give them the right to register the proposed business name. The registration of the business name is to be made with the Australian Securities and Investments Commission (ASIC). Before doing so, the family has to apply for an Australian Business Name at the Australian Taxation Office (ATO). The registration of the business name will be valid for a period of one to three years. For continuing the use of the name the registration must be renewed by the end of the period. Business names if not registered and if reported by a third party can attract penalty as per law to the tune of $ 5100. Thus if all these aspects can be proved by the family they will be able to enforce the contract. If these details cannot be proved the other party has the right to cancel the contract. Bibliography Casadesus-Masanell, R and J. E. Ricart, "From Strategy To Business Models And Onto Tactics" (2010) 43Long range planning Dine, Janet and Marios Koutsias,Company Law(Palgrave Macmillan, 1st ed, 2014) Hamilton, William Frederick,Company Law(Gale, 1st ed, 2010) Hillstrom, Kevin and Laurie Collier Hillstrom,Encyclopedia Of Small Business(Gale Group, 1st ed, 2002) Kauppila, O. P., "Creating Ambidexterity By Integrating And Balancing Structurally Separate Interorganizational Partnerships" (2010) 8Strategic organization Latimer, Paul,Australian Business Law Workbook(CCH, 1st ed, 2003) Martn-de-Castro, G et al, "Towards An Intellectual Capital-Based View Of The Firm: Origins And Nature" (2011) 98Journal of Business Ethics Nicholls, A and A Murdock,The Nature Of Social Innovation. In Social Innovation(Palgrave Macmillan UK, 1st ed, 2012) Pennington, Robert R,Company Law(Oxford University Press, 1st ed, 2006) Seitanidi, M. M,The Politics Of Partnerships: A Critical Examination Of Nonprofit-Business Partnerships(Springer Science Business Media, 1st ed, 2010) Vickery, Roger and MaryAnne Flood,Australian Business Law(Pearson Australia, 1st ed, 2012) Vickery, Roger and Wayne Pendleton,Australian Business Law(Prentice Hall/Pearson Education Australia, 1st ed, 2006) Zott, C and R Amit, "Business Model Design: An Activity System Perspective" (2010) 43Long range planning

Law Enforcement after 9/11 an Example of the Topic Government and Law Essays by

Law Enforcement after 9/11 "Life is a place where it is necessary to move gently. Whether it be in thought, speech, or action, the rhythm must be controlled; the law of harmony must be observed in all that one does." The importance of the fuction of law enforecement is often ignored in many countires, but its true value was realized by US citizens after the 9/11 attacks. National security is and must be given utmost importance but does that mean we neglect all ethical barriers and social norms, resort to illegal, harsh and questionable methods. Is that the only way the government of US can protect its national boundaries? Has US law enforecement agencies kept in mind consitution, before blatantly accusing, harrasing citizens that have been a productive part of the US economy be it Arabs, Egyptians and majority of the midleasten countries. (Inayat, 2000) Need essay sample on "Law Enforcement after 9/11" topic? We will write a custom essay sample specifically for you Proceed In the time following the September 11, 2001 terrorist attacks on the Pentagon and World Trade center, the government of the Unitated States of America designed laws to prevent any future attacks. But drawing attention to existing ones like the fourth amendmennnt of the constitution of the United States of America states "The right of the people to be secure in their persons, houses, papers, and effects, against unreasonable searches and seizures, shall not be violated, and no Warrants shall issue, but upon probable cause, supported by Oath or affirmation, and particularly describing the place to be searched, and the persons or things to be seized." On the contrary every entity of this amendment has been violated to the utmost extreme. Young men and old alike pilled out of their homes and work places, maltreated abused both physically and mentally. Is all this justified by law or religion? Is this the way the United States of America guards its country? Hardly the case. Before the events that occurred on 9/11 US governments and troops where interested in peace and promotion of peace. Post 9/11 all ethics and moral guidelines thrown out the window to take revenge or show exactly how powerful America is. This is exactly what has happened in America. Bringing the history of America into context where brutality and discrimination as existed, first it was the colored people and now the Muslims. Post 9/11 the main issue for most is that freedom is under fire. Government intolerance has invaded into private lives. Events like Baseball Hall of Fame cancelled after stars like Tim Robbins and Susan Sarandon spoke against the war. Isnt that what America is known for? "The land of the free". America is simply letting fear govern them instead of values. South Asians especially Muslims from the Middle East have been made targets of hate crimes, surveillance by government, deportations and other acts of oppression. Post 9/11 many changes have been observed in the United States of America. Firstly the number of surveillance cameras installed on every nook and corner. Policemen having the right to stop search and question anyone whom they consider a threat to national security. But the fact of the matter is that the law enforcement agencies of America are flirting with the thin line between protection and harassment. Americans are in the midst of a security paradox. The citizens of USA expect the government to protect their well being, but in return the responses they get make them more insecure. USA PATRIOT Act was rapidly and over-whelming passed by Congress with very little debate. The USA PATRIOT Act "broadens definitions of terrorism, toughens sentences for convicted terrorists, and generally makes it easier for law enforcement and intelligence agencies to gather and share reams of information some related to terror investigations and some not"(Robinson, M. 2007). Since the rapid passing of the USA PATRIOT Act, many Americans have feared that the Act abolishes many rights and civil liberties guaranteed by the Constitution of The United States. The USA Patriot Act has added fuel to this burning fire. Acts like these have reduced trust and confidence in local law enforcement agencies. In majority cases police brutality has been a matter of concern and mostly Arab Muslims are at the receiving end. (Kevin, 2005) Reports suggest that a considerable change in the priorities of agencies like Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) investigations on normal financial crimes have reduces and counterterrorism investigations have increased by 183%, Isnt this a drastic change in the attitudes of law enforcement agencies towards expatriates who have been residing in the United states for decades and this is how they get treated. No one argues the empirical importance of National security but at the cost of capitulating trust of the citizens. (Henderson, 2006) With all new laws being imposed, the immigration and deportation laws have been spiked up in security as well. Students applying for students visa are suffered as well as families planning migration. This strictness was not only observed in legislation but physically at airports as well. Men with long beards and women with their traditional hijabs were detained and questioned, harassed and abused. The root of all this hatred comes from the notion that all Muslims are terrorists. (Nobrerg, 2007) The patriot Act allows surveillance against terror, follow sophisticated terrorists, question without tripping off others, it helps law enforcement readily obtain warrants and monitor computers along with obtaining business records. The ACLU diligently claims that the patriot act expands terrorism but in reality the patriot act actually restricts particularly domestic terrorism. The fact of the matter is that the Patriot act protects all Americans First Amendment rights. In conclusion, the intended purpose of the patriot act seems legitimate, to deter and punish terrorism. Although it strengthens the government it gives birth to a breeding ground for manipulation and corruption, as it includes the ability to use previously deemed illegal methods like surveillance and sharing vital information. The only foreseen benefit to this is that the Department of Homeland Security can process cases without much interference. In the worlds most democratic society its is an abomination that anti terror laws provide restriction on citizens first amendment rights. The severe impact of anti-terrorism legislation in USA could be significant if not adapted or construe by the judiciary in a manner that confers to basic freedom of expression, association and religion. It can be concluded from this that law enforcement have not adhered to the U.S constitution. The concerns for national security have bent and manipulated ethical boundaries. These changes have made a great impact on the proceedings of criminal prosecutions. References American Civil liberties Union, Dissent in post 9/11 America. Freedom under fire, Retrieved February 25, 2008, from 4. http://www.aclu.org/FilesPDFs/dissent_report.pdf Henderson, Nicole (2006 June). Publications. Retrieved February 26, 2008, Inayat Khan, Hazrat (2000). Quotes Bout Law. Retrieved February 26, 2008, Johnson, Kevin (2005). USA today. Retrieved February 25, 2008, Web site: http://www.usatoday.com/news/nation/2007-12-17-Copmisconduct_N.htm Longley, Robert (2004). After 9/11 job openings abound. Retrieved February 25, 2008, Moore, Kelly (2007 November 26). Trillium 2000. Retrieved February 26, 2008, from Lewis Norberg, John (2007 October 25). Philippe Legrain: Muslims aren't all the extremist that any non-Muslims think they are. Retrieved February 26, 2008, from Philippe Legrain US constitution, (2006). Fourth amendment. Retrieved February 25, 2008, from Find Law

Womens Changing Roles from 1865 - 1920

Womens Changing Roles from 1865 - 1920 The role women play in our society is an ever-changing one, from mother to lawyer and doctor and everywhere in between. With increasing demands on them to be the one to keep families grounded and together in a turbulent society that thinks none to highly of them or their rights as citizens. I chose to focus on womens changing roles during the time period from 1865 through 1920. The reason I chose this period in history was because this was a very turbulent time in history, due to the changing status of minorities in the culture at this time due to the end of the Civil War and the impending revolution for womens rights with the passage of the 19th amendment.Dating as far back as the early 1800's womens roles were being challenged and questioned, it was not so much the womens rights marches of the 60's but it was the beginning of that revolution.English: Postage stamp featuring Elizabeth Stanton...During the early part of the 19th century womens character was espoused with four basic a ttributes: piety, purity, submissiveness, and domesticity. Even foreign visitors to America during this period found fault in American males attitude towards women, they thought males treated women as inferiors and subjected women to double standards. "By marriage, the husband and wife are one person in law; that is, the very being and legal existence of the woman is suspended during marriage." This is according to a 1765 law established by Sir William Blackstone an English barrister, and American law followed this principle thereby the wife "belonged" to the husband.These were the times that women lived through and the conditions they lived with during the early part of the nineteenth century. At the end of the Civil War and throughout the Reconstruction, America began to feel the beginnings of...

Deductions from income including medical expense, state and local Essay

Deductions from income including medical expense, state and local taxes, interest, charitable deductions, personal and business - Essay Example Deductions of interest upon tax are categorized into six: Home mortgage (publication 936), Business or trade, Investment (publication 550), Passive activity, Personal and Student loan interests For interest to be deductible upon one’s return of tax, it is determined by how money was borrowed and how such money was utilized. Form 1040’s schedule A upon the tax return shows the kinds of interest one can deduct on the return regarding investment interest, points and home mortgage interest. This is with regards to the Internal Revenue Service. (wwwebtax.com, 2011) Section of the IRS code that the IRS will use to support its position of disallowing the deduction Section 506 of the House Bill talks about revaluation of gifts and the same House Bill extends its special rule for such gifts as provided by Chapter 14 of gifts in entirety. (rpifs.com, 2011) Starting august 1997, subsequent to Taxpayer Relief Act’s implementation, revaluation of gifts was considered as follo ws with regards to tax return. After 1997 August, IRS is no longer in a position to revalue gifts and this is following the expiry of the statute of the limitations duration. For this provision to apply, though, the gift’s value must be finally determined. ... Also the fair market value has to be determined, unless the regulations have not made it a requirement to state the market value of the whole entity if the interest value in that entity is reached without utilizing the entity’s net asset value. An explanation of how the fair market value was reached has to be included, the relation ship existing between the recipient and the donor and lastly, the description of the taxpayer’s position he/she is taking contrary to the regulation of the treasury or a ruling of revenue. (Mitchell, 2008 p6-10) Support that Donald will need to defend his position that the interest is investment related and should be deductable for tax purposes Mitchell gives an example, where the recipient of a gift may challenge a decision reached by IRS. According to the example given by Mitchell, a lady by the name Smith, Grace gave out a gift six years prior to her demise and which was valued at 1,000,000USD ( Assuming that Smith was supposed to pay the IRS a rate of tax on gift of 55%). The statute that governs this gift passed this without carrying out an audit of the return of gift. The IRS went through the return by Smith and decided on the correct value, though. This led to a scenario where the estate was supposed to have a credit for the taxes on the gift that were previously payable of an amount of 825,000USD instead of 550,000USD gift tax that was actually paid upon filing of the return. This would result to an estate tax increasing since such revaluation pushes that estate to an upper bracket of tax. In a case where the estate was in the top-most tax bracket, such a revaluation would not have any impact, though. In case the IRS gives a final notice with regards to the redetermination in accordance

Art project and two Journals M3-M4 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Art project and two Journals M3-M4 - Essay Example In order to draw, there must be a drawing material. There are two kinds of drawing material: the dry media and the liquid media. Dry media are those materials that appear in stick form. They are dragged over the paper and other surface and they leave trace of particles that create the drawing. There are many kinds of dry drawing materials such as graphite, metal point, charcoal, crayon, pastel and chalk. Liquid media are those materials that use brush and pen to apply ink over the surface. Painting is done with the use of brush and paints applied on various kinds of canvasses. There are many kinds of paintings such as encaustic, frescoes, tempera and others. Many artists have done several amazing paintings throughout history. Concept Fresco is an interesting type of painting. It uses pigments with water and applied on walls and ceilings. It is a high form of painting where they are applied in large scale murals even from the ancient times. It is not done easily as it requires physica l labor as well as good contemplation before the art is done. Most of the works done in churches are done in frescos. It is amazing to note that the canvass used by artist to do the art is so large, yet the outcome is exquisite and perfect. Many of the renaissance artists such as Michelangelo had done many frescos with religion and Christianity as theme. There are many other artists that have done frescoes and they are worth seeing and consider as priceless treasures. Artist Michelangelo’s frescoes done in the Sistine Chapel ceiling is truly amazing. His art covers the entire ceiling covering both end walls. The canvass that he has painted is so large. He truly is an art virtuoso as he was able to do the fresco while heads up looking at the ceiling. The total outcome is balanced, colorful, full-bodied, dynamic and perfect in all its sense. Chapter 8, 9 and 10 Summary: Prints, camera, computer and graphic arts are the modern type of arts. Prints are those images done on matrix to leave lasting impressions. These are the arts seen on sneakers, shirts, and others. There are many kinds of prints such as woodcut engraving, engraving, intaglio, linocut, relief, drypoint, etching, lithography, aquatint, mezzotint, photogravure, screen printing, inkjet, monotype, and many more. There are various medium and tools to use in making prints. Camera and computer are not just technological gadgets that are used for business but they are also important in art. These modern day machines make art easy and reproducible. Camera captures moments and these captured moments are printed to make impressions lasts forever. Computers are necessary to create advance and sophisticated graphics. Graphic designs are sophisticated form of art that produces dynamic output. It is a combination of words, pictures, and symbols to create image. Most businesses today use graphic design in their logos, websites, slogans, and company branding. Higher level designs are interactive, dynamic and three-dimensional. With the use of internet, these graphics get even more sophisticated. The art before are two dimensional, but with the presence of these modern technological tools such as cameras, computers, graphics, prints and internet, three dimensional and dynamic arts are being done easy and fast. Concept Some of the most fascinating kinds of prints are the wood engraving and linocut. Engraving is a high level work of art as it requires expertise. Wood engraving uses

Maslow and Hertzbergs Theories of Motivation

Maslow and Hertzbergs Theories of Motivation There are two types of motivational theories, process and content theory. Maslow was extremely clear to emphasize that organisations should, within reasons carry out all they can to satisfy needs of all levels in an organisation; whether, considering teams, departments or individuals. (Fincham et. al.(2005)).  He also recognised the problem involving this idea, Fincham (2005) states it is hard for us to go backward psychologically A theory which offered a number of predictions about what motivates people in societies offering relatively full employment, when jobs are scarce; employees are motivated solely by deficiency needs. (Fincham and Rhodes, page 197) Real introduction Motivation has increased in popularity over the past era, determining organisational behaviour; theories of motivation are necessary in ensuring comprehensive and promising organisational activities. This essay explores the importance, similarities and differences of motivational theories concentrating specifically on Maslows and Hertzbergs theory; also the essay investigates how team leaders might exercise the two theories to motivate their teams in an organisational setting. Hallway (1991) reveals that by the 1960s motivation became the central concept through which to understand job satisfaction. Motivational theories are divided into two different categories; termed content and process theories. Both Maslows and Hertzbergs theories are in the content category; content theories assume that all individuals possess the same sets of needs (Fincham et al. 2005). Although, Maslows and Hertzbergs theories are both in the content category, both have similarities and differences; it is ex tremely important to investigate both theorys uniqueness and variations. Fincham et al (2005) agues that Maslow was extremely clear to emphasize that organisations and management should, within reasons carry out all they can to satisfy needs of all levels in an organisation; whether, considering teams, departments or individuals. It is extremely important to understand how team leaders can use Maslows and Hertzbergs theories of motivation, in creating; high-quality structured organised and incentivised individuals. Equally, both theories have some relationships between them for instance, the two psychologist categorised ideas into divisions. For example, Hertzberg divided his idea into two factors termed hygiene factor and motivator factor. On the other hand, Abraham Maslow in addition divided the theory into a progression pyramid expressed as deficiency needs and the higher-order needs. Consequently, deficiency needs must be met in order to motivate employees, deficiency needs are similar to hygiene factor, and however the motivators of Hertzberg are likewise similar to Maslows higher-order needs. Furthermore, team leaders must be extremely conscious of the long term objectives and aims of constructing such theories. One purpose of motivation theories is to encourage organisations to respect the feeling and needs of the workforce; there are many ways and methods to satisfy individuals. For instance, according to Hertzberg, providing employees with good working environment; organisations will g radually observe the impact of the motivator factor (after fulfilling the hygiene factor) through the quality of work and productivity. Ultimately, this suggests when employees are enjoying quality working environment, subsequently productivity will increase enormously. Fincham et al (2005) quotes the presence of motivators in a workplace caused enduring states of motivation in employees. Consequently, Hygiene factors normally produce acceptable work environment but not increased in satisfaction. Similarly, Maslow firmly believes that deficiency needs must be met before expecting fully motivated team; deficiency needs consists of three concepts of human necessitate which are Physiological needs (such as environment), safety needs (job security) and social needs such as belonging and love. Fincham et al (2005) clearly demonstrate that the theory is sending strong messages that when jobs are readily available, pay is adequate, and there is a sense of job security, deficiency needs are easily satisfied. As deficiency needs are fulfilled by an employer, the progression in the hierarchy is essential this is because when physiological and security needs are met, this will construct social needs an exceptionally important motivator; team leaders should invest in social aspects of needs this is because an individuals tends to feel odd in a new team; social enhancement is very important to organisations since acknowledgment of the workforce is classed as an incentive; therefore Hertzb ergs motivator factor (recognition) is satisfied. Moreover, recognition is the acknowledgement of someone for doing creditable job nevertheless, motivation theory encourages team leaders to always appreciate team members contribution and therefore close relationship between the two(team member and leader) must be familiarised. Hayes (1997) stresses the necessitate of relationship combination between the team leader and the team, for example, by recognising an individuals needs for support and provision, a team leader is able to engage the provision of training in new skills, giving an individual time off after a demanding period at the workplace and or simply providing emotional support to them. Achieving the above will lead to a teams triumph (achievement) similarly providing team members with feedback on their progress will enhance an individuals confidence to acknowledge their full potential and to attain more. Similarities Hertzberg et al.1959. Hertzberg- psychologist categorised their theories into to category of their own, Hertzberg has split his theory into two factors, he called it hygiene and motivator factor. Whereas, Maslow called his hierarchy of needs, the deficiency needs and the higher-order needs. Maslow Similarity: the theory explains when jobs are readily available, pay is adequate, and there is degree of job security, deficiency needs are easily satisfied (Fincham et al. page 197). As deficiency needs are fulfilled by an employer, the progression in the hierarchy is essential this is because when physiological and security needs are met, this will make social needs an extremely important motivator. Firstly deficiency needs must be met in order to motivate employees, the deficiency needs are similar to hygiene factor, and however the motivators of Hertzberg are likewise similar to Maslows higher-order needs. (Own writing) Both theory did not include monetary reward is a motivator; Maslow defines salary as a norm, whereas Hertzberg referred salary as a hygiene factor which only stops dissatisfaction of employees but do not motivates them. For example, Hertzberg (1972) located salary in the hygiene factor. (Fincham et al. page 195:200, (2005)) it is important to consider the role of non-financial rewards and recognition play in motivating staff. Differences Main difference- psychologist Hertzbergs first account of his theory was that it made the proposals easily testable (major difference between the two psychologists accounts). (Page 199 Fincham, (2005)) Possible difference from Maslow theory: although Maslow has described how the constructs could be measured but the process he has set out were unclear because the complexity of the description (cannot be easily measured which made it difficult for anyone to follow). Fincham et al. (p 198, (2005)) states the operational definitions of the need constructs or other variables such as prepotency were not always clear. And so measurement of them was invariably problematic (Maslow did describe how the constructs might be measured but the process he set out was extremely complex and never followed by anyone) Although, Hertzberg theory illustrate how employers can motivate their employees, Hertzberg goes further than that, he also described how jobs can be changed to gain well-motivated workforce for the long run. (Fincham et al. P200, (2005)) How can a team leader motivate his team? Herzberg motivators- the presence of motivators in a workplace caused enduring states of motivation in employees (Fincham et al. Page 199, (2005)) Subsequently, Hygiene factors normally produce acceptable work environment but not increased in satisfaction. 09.11.2010 written By the 1960s motivation had become the central concept through which to understand job satisfaction. (Page 97,work psychology and organisational behaviour, Wendy Hallway,1991) Team leader can motivate workers by offering them intrinsic reward. Herzterg believes the only way to motivate employees is to give them challenging work in which employees can assume responsibility. According to Hertzbergs two factor theory, giving employees good working environment, team leaders will eventually notice the impact of this factor through the quality of work and productivity(own writing) According to Hertzberg and Maslow individuals are motivated in certain ways, for example Hertzberg has indicated how job redesigned can incorporate more motivation. Ways of motivating employees according to Hertzberg motivator factor: Responsibility by increasing employees autonomy (independence) while retaining accountability, employees will feel that they possess responsibly which allows them to achieve more. Accountability- increasing accountability of employees for their own work will motivate them by recognising them. Recognition -giving employees feedback on their work enhances an individual confidence. Hayes (1997) stresses the necessitate of relationship combination between the team leader and the team, for example, by recognising an individuals desires for support and provision, a team leader is able to engage the provision of training in new skills, giving an individual time off after a demanding period at the workplace and or simply providing emotional support to them. Achieving the above motivator (Hertzbergs motivator factor) will lead to teams triumph (achievement). Promotion- Achievement- assigning individuals specific and specialised tasks enhances the expertise of an employee. Above are motivators of Hertzberg theory of motivation, Hertzberg (1972) believes these motivators contributes to development and promotes psychological growth. Consequently, in Maslows higher-order needs, he includes self esteem and self actualisation, Maslow firmly believes that these needs will promote an individual full potential. Stress is the cause of many illnesses whether psychological or physical illness, for example, Parkinson et al (1995) have stressed out that research on stress had revealed the cause of psychological illnesses. Motivating employees, team leaders are able reduce the occurrence of stress, stress is mainly caused when a job or the role of an employee is repetitive or is lacking variety. Employees prefer to use variety of skills but when a job is repetitive, limited skills are been consumed which causes stress amongst employees. Fincham et al. (2005) , demonstrates the level of stimulation a job provides is likewise associated with the amount of stress it can cause employees to experience. Even though it is possible to contradict and criticize this finding, some believe routine work is common in some workplaces. Individuals have a tendency to be uninspired by repetitive and lack of variety in work, consequently team leader can motivate their team using Maslow and Hertzbergs theory of motivation. There are many ways and methods of motivating employees, one example rotating roles between individuals will result in a significantly high motivation. According to Hollway (1991) there were various attempts that have been applied since the first world war to solve the problems caused by repetitive jobs, Walker (1950) quoted in Hollway (1991) mentions within industry a variety of devices have been tried for a relief of monotony in highly simplified, repetitive operationintroduction of rest pauses, music in the workshop and the grouping of workers into competitive teams. Although using music in the workshop can be quite interesting for some employees, others will argue that not everybody can be motivated by music, instead music can also bee moderately stressful.

Martin Luther King and Abraham Lincoln Essay

Abraham Lincoln and Martin Luther King were two very similar orators who wanted to achieve almost identical goals. Abraham Lincoln was the president of the United States and the leader of the Anti-Slavery Republican Party. His speech was delivered on the nineteenth November 1863 mat Gettysburg during the ‘Great Civil War’. His primary objective was to abolish slavery and he did this partly by indirectly telling his audience, such as, purposely forgetting his status and addressing his ‘Fellow countrymen’ with intense respect which consequently reflects his beliefs in equality. Martin Luther King, a Baptist Minister, was the leader of the Civil Rights Movement. He performed his speech almost one hundred years after Lincoln’s speech on the twenty eighth August at Lincoln’s memorial. King believed in egalitarianism and he also wanted to end segregation; this is what both orators set out to do. Lincoln and King have similar purposes for their speeches but targeted them in different ways. Influenced by the great legend Mahatma Gandhi who also himself was a non-violent freedom fighter, King wanted to gain black people’s freedom the same way as Gandhi, in a non-violent protest. Lincoln had a similar contractual obligation. He was to abolish slavery. He conveyed this in his concise speech ‘for the people’. Both King and Lincoln have implicit messages in their speeches. Lincoln, apart from trying to abolish slavery, also promoted ‘The honored dead’ and making people understand what their ‘fathers’ had done for them and what is left for them to do. King, on the other hand, apart from trying to gain black people’s freedom, evokes a feeling of disgust by the use of metaphors to induce an image of the ‘governor’s lips’, ‘dripping with the words of interposition and nullification’ which evokes a sin ister feeling within the audience which King hoped to achieve as it would divert the ‘Negro’s’ mind and evoke a feeling f disgust towards the government. King targets his audience cleverly. He explicitly targets the majority of the black people, who still, ‘one hundred years later’, and ‘must face the tragic fact that the Negro is still not free’. This clearly shows that King is telling his audience that even today after ‘one hundred years’ the ‘Negro’ are, ‘ still not free’. He implicitly talks to the ‘governor’s’; concurrently he is talking to the ‘Negro’ community by changing their views towards the ‘governor’s’. King is trying to provide a vivid reflection for the ‘Governor’s’ to make them realize what they are doing and how much better they could make if they abolish slavery and put an end to segregation. Alternatively, Lincoln’s audience was probably affluent white people from Northern US. Although King had the advantage of the TV, Radio, media and Microphone, Lincoln’s speech wa s just as well heard as King’s speech. The use of emotive words engages both King and Lincoln’s audience. King unifies his audience at the ‘table of brotherhood’ which, apart from unifying the audience also has a religious impact on the black people as they were extremely religious and an indirect reference to Jesus and his disciples would have caused immense unity between the audience. This metaphor apart from providing unity, it also is a very peaceful metaphor as it includes everybody. In contrast, Lincoln believes that their ‘nation’ is ‘under God’. These religious references amalgamate the audience and make them think that they are doing this for ‘God’ and that they are ‘God’s children’. Both orators structure their speeches in similar ways. The speech is structured in chronological order as it bequeaths a rhythmic feel. Firstly they talk about what their ‘fathers’ had to go through to get them this far, then they move into the present where both speech makers clearly make it noticeable that they talking about ‘now’. King introduces his future ingeniously by stating that he has ‘a dream’, which circuitously shows what he wants it to be like in the near future for his ‘four little children’. This poignant language also evokes sympathy not just for King but also for people around them who are going through the same traumatic experience. Different tones area applied by both orators to conjure up diverse feelings. Lincoln uses a sincere tone to compliment his feeling to abolish slavery when he addresses his ‘fellow countrymen’. On the other hand, King uses a powerful voice to ‘Let freedom ring’ and to strengthen the speech to emphasize his beliefs of ‘freedom’. Lincoln also has a sense of vigor in his tone which shows how the soldiers ‘nobly advance’ and which portrays the strength of his own voice as well corroborating other people simultaneously. Religious and biblical manners are used by both speechmakers, which has a great impact on the nation at the same time, as persons at that time, especially black public were very religious. Lincoln refers to the people being ‘under God’ which would convey a thought of great expectations in the minds of the listeners. King says that the ‘glory of the Lord shall be revealed’, which meant that if they work together, then they can create a better world for themselves and for their children, so if they stick together and protest they will see the reward. Both raconteurs coerce their audience by the use of different strategies. They both use analogous strategies to portray their views. Lincoln and King use the same strategies; however, King uses them extensively. Both use the rule of three but King take one-step further and converts it into repetition. When King repeats ‘Let freedom ring’, it emphasizes how much the black ‘community’ wants ‘freedom to ring’. However, Lincoln repeats two words in particular, ‘great’ and ‘nation’. The repetition of ‘great’ show the importance that can be achieved out of a ‘great civil war’ to form a bond between the people present and to say, if we are a ‘nation so conceived and so dedicated’ then we can tolerate the hardship and pain of war. The use of emotive language evokes a more personal feeling. King refers to his children to add a sympathetic feel to his speech. He also uses biblical references such as when ‘the day when all of God’s children will be able to sing with new meaning’ keeps his audience interested by implicitly saying it will be done and it grants hope to his audience. On the other hand, Lincoln’s use of emotive language is more biblical rather than personal. The only reference to a more personal feeling was when he talked about their ‘fathers’ to call to mind a nostalgic upshot and to say how disrespectful it would be to go against the equality that our ‘fathers’ created ‘this continent a new nation’. King and Lincoln use alliteration in the same way. King uses alliteration to show ‘a desert state sweltering sweltering’, which too, portrays the immense heat of injustice. An onomatopoeic effect to give a sense of power to the ‘government of the people, by the people, for the people’ due to the repetition of the ‘P’. Martin Luther King and Abraham Lincoln intentionally use language to persuade their audience to fight freedom in a non-violent disapproval. Both orators take advantage of the uses of language to achieve their primary aim. Lincoln juxtaposes the ‘civil war’ with ‘great’ to encourage the greatness of war and what can be achieved out of this battle to abolish slavery. King juxtaposes ‘the dark and desolate valley of segregation to the sunlit path of racial justice’. Apart from being a metaphor, alliteration is also inserted and an expectant pause is added to let the audience reflect on what King had just said. Both speechmakers, to transmit a compassionate emotion use emotive language. In conclusion to my analysis Martin Luther King’s speech was the most effective only to the obvious reason that his was of a longer length so it contained more within it. Lincoln’s speech was nearly as good as King’s speech because he also interleaved messages inside his meaning which as a consequent added depth to his speech and made his speech almost as superior as King’s. King’s speech was good too for the reason that he could express his views openly as he had more time as well as more technology to reach more people.